India of My Dreams

Essay 4 You Get All type of Essays for you. school day or college no problem either types of essays be avail fit here. * al-Qaida * Main Site * Categories * About us The India of My Dreams School Essay, The India of My Dreams Key terminology and Phrases past, vast, today, evils, disengage, sustenance, clothes, houses, education, jobs. loaded and strong, suffering from, India of my dreams, innocuous and healthy, free and happy, peaceful and united, to flow with milk and honey. India was very spacious in the past. She was rich and strong.She has given to the world great saints, scholars, thinkers, artists and soldiers. Today her passel be suffering from legion(predicate) evils. Among these evils be pauperism, ignorance, disease, bribery, corruption, indiscipline and disunity. The India of my dreams will be free from these evils. Her people will piss intimately food to eat. They will read fine clothes to wear. They will have nice houses to live in. They will have p roper education. They will be clean and healthy. They will be free and happy. There will be jobs for both. There will be no strikes and morchas.The people will be peaceful and united. India will flow with milk and honey. whole of us motive India to be make out a respectable super power in the world. India ha a rich past. it was because of its riches, that it was invaded innumerable sequences and its wealth was plundered. The British rulers use the coarse. At the time of e patchcipation, the rustic was in turmoil, its economy had been shuttered and in that respect was unrest solely around. In sixty years since independency, the field has do tre mendous progress. However, it is still for behind the developed counties of the world.India of my dreams is a peaceful, progressive, literate country free from the pangs of poverty, where every citizen feels safe and secure, where health facilities atomic number 18 provided top all and where the women of the country are treated w ith utmost dignity and respect. India, is majestic of its rich past. It was because of tis riches that it was invaded innumerable times and that its wealth was plundered. The Britishers ruled India for almost deuce centuries and exploited the country economically. At the time of independence (August 15, 1947) the economy of the country was shattered and in that location was social unrest all round.However it was time for India to write its own history. A lot of progress has been make on various fronts. There have been short comings in our planning as intumesce as its implementation. However when we notice otherwise counties, who also achieved independence around the same time, we feel we are much mitigate placed. agri subtlety is the backbone of Indian economy. It provides employment to over 60 percent of the countrys organise force and it accounts for over quarter of Indias gross domestic product. It also contributes easily to export swop. However except for some pockets o f development, agriculture scene in rest of the country is dismal.The farming community is generally under debt. A large number of farmers in recent years have move suicide because of mounting economic difficulties. Industrial development plays a satisfying role in the growth process of the under developed counties. It stand bys in superlative income levels and in absorbing rural surplus labour. It is believed that prior to nineteenth century India was a great manufacturing country. However at the time of independence the industry was in bad shape. Industrial development stared with the second 5 year plan. It has passed feeling different phases.Many bottlenecks and red tapism came in the behavior of rapid development of industry. Some of the areas of concern have been addressed in the post liberation ear. The new industrial policy of July 1991 is market is requisite for the growth of industry. India maintained a favorable policy towards foreign speak investment till 1967. Some pre embodiments and regulations were imposed from 1968 onwards. Realizing that these conditions were hampering Indias industrial progress, the relaxations were made. With the economic relaxation from July 1991 onwards foreign direct investment has been encouraged and it has been allowed in many sectors.India has made its mark in Service Sector. It has emerged as an important craft Process Outsourcing (BPOs and Call centers) destinations. India fortunately has a large number of well qualified English speaking community, which is packed in this kind of enterprise. Indias population as per 1951 census was 36 crore. In 50 year i. e. as per 2001 census the countrys population on March 31, 2001 rose to 102. 7 crores. such(prenominal) rapid growth of population places a huge burden on our limited re founts and limited land area. Indias literacy rare as per 1951 census was slight than 20 percent.In over fifty seven years it has change magnitude to about 65 percent, which clearly indicates that even today about 35 percent of the population over 350 million people in our country are still illiterate. It is truly a sad reflection of the take in of literacy in our country. India has made rapid strides in many spheres. the economic condition of the people is better today than it was at the time of independence. We have made tremendous progress in science and technology. Our infrastructure is far better. A large number of universities, colleges and schools have been set up. Industrialization has taken place. soften health care is now available especially in urban areas. Average heart span has increased. Infant mortality rate has come down. Better employment opportunities are available to the youth of the country. Means of transpiration and dialogue have undergone a sea change. Print and Electronic media has played a key role in creating awareness and bringing people closer. emolument is noticeable even in provision of sports facilities. India is the third Eng lish have got producing country afterwards USA and UK. Indo-English literature is now well-developed and internationally recognized.It is able to capture many international awards like Booker price. Pulizter prize and so on Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa Lahiri, Anita Desai, Arvind Adiga etc. are some of the important names in this field. despite all this progress which is commendable, a lot involve to be make to improve the living conditions of agricultural and industrial labor and the people on the job(p) in unorganized sectors. Steps should be taken to stop criminal offence and violence. The misguided youth of some troubled states needs to brought in the main flowing. Communalism, regionalism and fundamentalism need to be curbed with a strong hand.Condition of women folk needs drastic improvement. Women empowerment is the demand of a civilized society. Equal opportunities need to be given to the girl child for education and career development. illiteracy and poverty need to be r ooted out. Self-sufficiency ought to be achieved in all spheres. Dependence on other counties should be a af sightly of the past. India of my drams is a country where nobody is illiterate and nobody sleeps hungry, where there is no distinction on the basis of genre, morality or caste, where judge to a common man is neither denied or deleted, where orruption in public life does not exist, where criminals flush toilet not occupy and ministerial berths nor enter legislative assemblies, where merit counts in every sphere of life, where jobs cannot be purchased, where rapists have to overtake the rest of their lives behind the bars, where the intellectuals like Amartya Sen and Har Govind Khurana do not have to get away the countrys shore for higher research and recognition where the Shabad Kirtan from Gurudwaras, and Azan from Mosques, the Bhajans from Temples and chiming of the bells from churches merge and mingle and begin a harmonious, melodious, spiritual tune, loved by on MY I NDIA MY DREAM ?JANA GANA MANA ADHI NAYAKA JAYAHE BHARATHA BHAGYA VIDHATHA? Yes, India? s pride never ends. It s a holy peninsular land. The great Himalayas act as strong barrier of the country. Thus India is a esteemed country. As a citizen of this beloved land I feel proud to dream about my country. I? m looking forward for a comfortable and settled life of Indians within a few years. ?JAHAN dal DAL PAR SONE KI CHIDIYA KARTI HAIN BASERA, OH BHARAT DESH HAIN MERA? -Rajinder Krishna.Yes, that is the India of my dreams and I manage to translate these dreams into tangibleity. What is call for is our strife and struggle to annihilate the evils prevailing in our society in state to reach our goal. These evils have been inherited by a few of our own people from the British much before they left India for good, lavish to award miseries, pain and insults to the masses, who continue to suffer for centuries. This is the land where ? ahimsa? was born.Even though India is a very great co untry with very old culture and tradition, she had not been playing a very important role in the world as she could never become independent in the real sense. But now the entire idealionism of India has recognized. I would, therefore, like to take up, in the graduation place, that each and every citizen, in my India, should possess a national character, which is suddenly essential to keep the banner of the country up. An erudite person should have respect for both literate and illiterate alike and the ? haves? in reality help the ? have-nots?.Next, India should be a place where the virulent notion of division, fragmentation or destruction through regional-national conflicts is considered an opprobrium of high degree the atmosphere paradisaical with all its wonders up-to-date and the survival of its denizens , irrespective of all discriminations, absolutely necessary. Where the limit of different states gradually ceases to exist or become truly artificial, make the national b oundary healthier and stronger. Where creation of ? Gulistans? is substituted for ? Khalistans?. Today? s semipolitical ethos exhibits a very unhealthy trend.Wrong people with wrong motives are entering politics. I would like to see an India where politicians cannot inflame the spark of common violence and riots or bamboozle voters with their duplex speeches. Every religion has impregnated its ambitiousness with a particular shape and a specified bliss. Every religion teaches people how to love one another we have used it to scorn one another In my India, I wouldn? t wish to see that one butchers neighbors in the name of religion and demolishes their religious places of worship. It would be a place where mere recitation of holy scripts and consecrated laws during worship would never reflect one? godliness, unless put into practice. Terrorism and militancy are raising their ugly wellspring more(prenominal) than ever before. Harijans, the lowest and the most crush caste in Indi a, have been successful in launching a nation- wide movement. I would love to see the people of my country free from all types of grievances, oppressions and demands. No one would have to hang his head in shame. There would not be a single Indian who would not be proud of his country. While the India of my dreams would maintain amicable relations with coterminous countries, her foreign policy would be the best in the world.Even after 45 years of independence, she is still plagued by poverty, unemployment and foreign exchange trade deficit. I would, therefore, like to see India as a place where ostentation and demonetization do not kill the consumers? ability to purchase. Where jobs are not deprived to even the poorest of the poor and everybody is satisfied. A healthy economy is the life-blood of a country. We would serve as a model of just such a vibrant economy- nurtured by an imaginative , innovative, liberal trade policy. The largest single source of foreign exchange for our co untry is tourism.I would wish this trend to continue. I would wish, in some years, India would be having the most creative entrepreneurs, the most energetic business leaders and the sharpest financial brains. Nature has been kind to India by endowing her with the boon of abundant natural resources. Thus, in my India, there would be optimum growth of her resources. The machine- made articles of the world would be unable to compete with the handicrafts of our India of my dreams. Exports would be at their zenith imports at their nadir. The quality of life cannot improve in India as pine as the population keeps on ncreasing at the present alarming rate. Therefore, in my dream about India, people would be much rational and they would themselves, open-heartedly, sort out the population growth simply by having a child or two. Everywhere, everything would be in plenty for all. As on date, India? s is the after part largest army, the fifth largest air force and the seventh largest navy in the world. A Pentagon report says that India is now the largest power in South Asia. I would wish to see her being ranked offset printing in the world in all these categories and also regarded as the ?Mecca of scientific inventions and discoveries?. Also, I fantasy India as a place where cultures and civilizations are at their peak. Where child labor is unheard of and children not intentionally crippled and made to beg for personal gains of others. Where leprosy patients are not required to ask passers-by for help but provided with everything by the Government. Where men think it a sin to ask for dowry and women are treated at par with them and not harassed or burnt by in-laws. Where colleges and universities are not turned into political dense.Where the people think it ? better to spin with Penelope than dance with Helen?. Where her men and women are so perfect in all respects that they are imitated proudly by their counterparts in the rest of the world. May my India look like a fairyland to the children so that they are and all. A classes and casteless India, a country which all Indians can be truly proud of. happy and able to weave the stuff of perfect loveliness and pulchritude. Progress is a purposive change. It can be either scientific or moral. India had tremendous progress since independence.But there are some more stages which India must cross to achieve exculpate progress. I wish my dreams of those progress would change India? s fate. ?HUM HONGE KAMYAB EK disruption? Keeping this motto in mind, let us, therefore, cry to eradicate all the evils of our society and acquire the requisite culture, discipline, attitude and habit of tolerance, goodwill and joint respect, so that everyone of us one day, will have so clean a heart and so pure a mind that he will have a glimpse of a novel dawn, and the first of the sun, that day, will be truly golden, enough to fulfill my dreams I bop MY INDIA use this poem -Where The Mind is Without Fear Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high Where knowledge is free Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow? domestic walls Where words come out from the wisdom of truth Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert gritstone of dead habit Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake. Rabindranath TagoreraysEconomic inequalities or poverty that is the root cause of several social tensions and breakdown of law and order is a thing of the past with no one being laboured to suffer the pangs of hunger every citizen is a literate adopting the norms of a tenuous family as a way of life and contributing to the zero-growth of population all the people lead a healthy life with epidemics being check to the pages of history and diseases resulting from under nutrition driven out of the country food production is enough to take care of the needs of the countrys population and is exported to other countries where food production is not adequate to fertilize the people the rural areas compete with urban areas in development and lop the migration of rural poor from the villages to the cities there is no shortage of electricity and other energy sources to keep the wheels of progress and development going all the people have their own homes and do not feel insecure in rented houses child labour is eliminated with all the children attending schools and enjoying the joy of childhood the workers are not exploited by unscrupulous managements and are paid fair wages legal cases are disposed off quickly and justice is speeded up our industries compete with the multinations and give them a run for their currency in the other countries infrastructure is adequately developed to facilitate more investments in industries domestic satellite television channel are bewitc hing enough to wean the people away from the foreign television channels pollution is effectively checked with industries switching over to clean or environmental-friendly technologies and vehicles checking their emissions computers play a complementary role in common mans daily activities by being an integral part of all the homes sportsmen excel in all the international sports meets and games religion enforces discip0line and promotes communal harmoniousness we become a superpower and a member of the Security Council and are not browbeaten by any other superpower with threats of economic sanctions and the citizens really feel proud of being Indian.

Evolution of the Universe Essay

The developing of humanity impart always remain a mystery. However, there is galore(postnominal) scenarios and evidence to assistance understand the evolution of earth, its solarise, planets, and the moon. The paper will derscribe how the earth and its atmosphere evolved with the help of different bodies. Which includes a discription of the formation of the bodies that plays a mathematical function in the evolution of earth. Also, a discription of the earth, sun, moon, planets, and other bodies doubts according to Copernicus, Kepler, and G whollyileo discoveries. Evolution realm and Its AtmosphereP late tectonics ar the ultimate process that controls the changes on acres. Dynamic activity like volcanism, meteorite impacts, mountain building, and erosion, is how our realm has come to its true state, while the continuing motion of the primer is whats driving the resurfacing of the world resulting in faulting, basin formation, and volcanism. The combination of gravitati on and the commonwealths native hot pants is the driving force for this continuous motion. humanss indwelling heat comes from consistent decay of radioactive elements, crystallization of the inner core, and the heat left-over from planet formation.Recent discoveries suggest that features of current Earth come from the wandering(a) melting and planetary accumulation which involves the differentiation of objects. Mars and the Moon underwent worldwide differentiation which allowed the separation of the core from the mantle and formed large split of the Earths still-existing crust. The atmosphere and oceans first appeared about 4. 5 cardinal thousand thousand years ago, soon after the Earth and Moon completed their formational phases (Mirali & Skinner, 2009). atomic number 8 was nearly absent in the atmosphere of the early Earth.The Great Oxygenation result (GOE), or Great Oxidation, was the biologically induced appearance of free group O (O2) in Earths atmosphere. Cyanobac teria a large moving picturesynthetic bacterium, appears approximately 200 million years before the GOE and began to produce oxygen by photosynthesis (Carlson & Boyet, 2008). Cyanbacteria is kn proclaim to be responsible for the initial rise of atmospherical oxygen during this time. Before the GOE, any free oxygen was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter. After the GOE, any superfluity free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere.Free oxygen is venomous to anaerobic organisms and the rising concentrations may have been the reason that most of the Earths anaerobic inhabitants were wiped out. Oxygen is dominantly locked in minerals in the crust and Earths interior and would remain as such if it werent for photo synthesizers. Methane and nitrous oxide have been increasing in recent years and a consequence of agricultural activities, and human-induced global warming (Kasing & Siefert, 2002). Thus, microorganisms have led to the underlying composition of Eart hs atmosphere since the origin of life.Formation of the Bodies Motions design About five one thousand million years ago the galaxy had a supernova explosion causing large elements of debris pushing it through gasses called henry into interstellar particles and dust. By this process of mixture under its own gravity at the center, it compressed together and formed a star of gasses that we specify today. This star now became born which is now the sun, which around it a birl of material compressed as forces for the heat. This process gave rise to our sister planets and end-to-end the universe.The sun started to grow bigger and its energy source also started to disturb its source outward into nuclear fire balls. Within millions of years disks and components started to icing over into small grains of dust. From this process what was found was silicon, iron, aluminum, milligram with oxygen that was displayed as clumps and large chunks of rock and boulder. They were so large that t hey broke apart from their own gravity and disbursed throughout the universe. Planetesimals planets started to grow, from this they were colliding with other bodies, now starting to grow into larger lanets with their form of mass and energy behind them giving them the power to move. In this time in history the sun was only about 2/3s of the source of power that we have today, meaning the sun is more power today than ever, because of time and energy and mass let it grow. The process of the large forms of mass rocks grew in time from there silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium and oxygen with the help of the sun that now grew the planets that we know of today. As all the planets grew in time and formed to what we know them as, they all rotate in a clock ward motion.As the planets move together in the same motion they are creating energy within their centrifugal force, which keeps them in motion and growing with the support of the suns energy. Scientists Discoveries Earth, Sun, Moon, Plan ets, Bodies The motions of the bodies in the universe were formulateed by several scientists between the 1490s and the 1700s. Initially, there was a widely held belief that the Earth was stationary and all of the other bodies turn around it this is called a geocentric model (Merali & Skinner, 2009).In the 1490s however, a scientist named Copernicus began to address the fact that a geocentric model did not explain the movement of the planets. His discoveries began to show that a heliocentric system (sun is stationary, central and the planets wind around it) was more likely based on noticing that planets temporarily reverse counsellor (Merali & Skinner, 2009). He surmised that the temporary reversal was because of the differences in time that it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun, versus the time it took for other bodies to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009).Copernicus also impelled that a body with a larger temporary reversal of direction was closer to earth and a smaller rev ersal was further outdoor(a) which could be tested by astronomical measurements (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Copernicus resurrected an old theory that the Earth spins on an axis which explains the rising and setting of the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus discoveries led other scientists to also prove the heliocentric model.In the late 1500s, Kepler discovered triad laws that would bolster Copernicus heliocentric model, but would also prove his ideas about the precondition of orbits wrong (Merali & Skinner, 2009). First, the Law of Ellipses says that each planets orbit is an ellipse and the sun is one focus (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Next, the Law of Equal Areas determines that the planets orbital speeds are not the same and therefore the closer they are to the sun the faster they orbit and alternately, the further from the sun, the slower the orbit (Merali & Skinner, 2009).Lastly, the Law of Orbital unison is a mathematical equation that determined that the square of the orbital expiration in years is proportional to the cube of the planets median(a) distance from the sun. (Merali & Skinner, para. 11, 2009). Therefore, the Earth takes 356. 24219 days, or 1 year, to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). pull down with these three valuable laws, it was Galileo and Newton who pulled the heliocentric model together.In the late 1600s Galileo used a telescope to find four moons orbiting Jupiter which be that Earth could not be at the center of orbital motion (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Galileo also determined that Venus had phases which could only be explained if Venus and Earth orbited the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Galileo postulated that forces move bodies. Additionally, those bodies will only change direction or stop if influenced by another force and that force works evenly on all bodies despite differences in mass (Merali & Skinner, 2009).It was this last design that inspired Isaac Newton in the same period. Newton determi ned that if an orchard apple tree was pulled to the Earth by gravity, then the moon would also be stirred by gravity thus disco real that gravity influences all bodies on Earth and in the universe (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Conclusion Modern science will continue to have plenty of unanswered questions. The evolution of earth begins with the scale tectonics process that includes corollaries of mantle convention, contienental drift, seafloor spereading and explains the pattern of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.The atmosphere and oceans evolved 4. 5 years ago after the earth and moon completed their formational phases. With the help of Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), photosynthesis, and Cyanobacteria the earth produced oxygen. The formation of bodies occurred five billion years ago when the supernova explosion caused the birth of the sun and other planets. Issac Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were very important scientist from the 1490s and the 1700s who made ma ny discoveries about the earth, sun, planets, and other bodies motions.

Second Life Ready for Business

1. What problems commode reciprocal ohm animateness help military controles cream? trice bread and butter provides businesses with tools for online conferencing, online collaboration, knowledge management, and prototyping. Companies can test new products victimisation snatch lifespans 3-D rendering programs. They can investigate with new marketing and advert campaigns to consider how multitude react. They can get hold feedback on real-world products or services.2. Considering what you have learned about Second Life, how could you, as an individual, wee a modest start-up business on the Grid? What goods would you rat? Why would this be a good choice of product? What, in simple terms, would your business computer programme be? Why would it work? wizard(a) potential new business would be to sell furnishings for online spaces. People inherently motive to furnish and decorate their private spaces. The products could be bought and sold exploitation Lindens. The start- up costs could be low since there argonnt any take stock costs. You can create the furnishings as theyre severalizeed. A business plan would include advertising ideas, marketing ideas, how to deliver the products, customer follow-up ideas, and fiscal planning.3. Visit eBay on the electronic network and see what Second Life items you can find listed for auction. How would you rate the activity surrounding these items? Are you surprised by what you see? Why or why not? obviously the info for this question volitioning fluctuate. As of this writing, eBay offered 211 items. They included how-to manuals for making money on Second Life, a guide to selling land, and business opportunities on the site. ane item in particular was a vending machine business package available for $4.99.The individual offering the item was an eBay Power vendor with 6,483 feedback postings. He was obviously an established eBay seller. new(prenominal) items for sale include a Gym Workout package for $4.9 9 and a macro that makes navigating the skies of Second Life easier. It sold for $12.99. Answers to the last three questions entrust vary by student. The manoeuver is to have them realize how advanced and pervasive sites like Second Life have become.4. How important is interoperability mingled with 3-D worlds like Second Life and other Web sites such as Amazon, MySpace, and YouTube? Do you think that Second Life can survive and prosper on its own? What is the rising of these entities? Separate or integrated? Interoperability between 3-D worlds and other Web sites is very important because of the increasing popularity of all the sites.People dont want to continually learn new and different skills. Rather they want to transport their skills and software from one site to another. Its doubtful that Second Life could survive and prosper on its own. Demand for the site will increase if it becomes more entwined with other sites and even real life. As people continue to combine offline and online activities, they want easy ways to transition from one to the other. This is where the people component of the three dimensions of information systems becomes apparent. Obviously this leads to more integration in the future.5. What obstacles does Second Life have to overcome in order to become a mainstream business tool? Does it face fewer or more obstacles to become a mainstream educational tool? To what do you set apart the difference? Second Life needs to overcome the idea and perceptual experience that its just another game site. Other obstacles include ease-of-use, interoperability between pre-established business systems and Second Lifes proprietary system. It needs to create ways to import and export data between its system and orthogonal business systemsdont require data to be re-input into all system. Second Life faces more obstacles in trying to become a mainstream educational tool. Educators are inherently opposed to online, distance education because it p urportedly lacks the face-to-face communication between teachers and students. However, as more education is carried online, Second Life has all the tools in place to make it easy to pass classes, especially its online collaboration tools.6. What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit from a presence on Second Life? Why? Retail businesses that are already used to doing business online may have an easier time of establishing a viable presence on Second Life. They are used to advertising and marketing to customers online and have the systems built for taking orders, accepting payments, and shipping products. Other companies, like IBM, that have established online collaboration systems and online knowledge management systems will probably have an easier time employ Second Life as another outlet for these activities.7. would you like to interview for a job using Second Life? Why or why not? Obviously the answers to this question will vary from student to student. Some may pri vilege interviewing for a job using Second Life since they may see face-to-face interviews as extremely nerve-wracking. Other may prefer a face-to-face interview rather than trying to create an avatar that adequately represents them.8. Is Second Life a precursor of how business will be conducted in the future or a corporate experiment? guarantee your answer. Second Life probably is a precursor of how business will be conducted in the future. Online presence and activity is increasing, not decreasing. Businesses are continually turning to online services to change the way they do business and continue many of their offline activities to online ventures.

Framework for the Assessment of Children and their Families Essay

The clay sculptureing for the perspicacity of pincerren in Need and their Families (which I ordain refer to as the judging cloth in this assignment) is an ecological mannequin that admits personal, intra-personal, inter-personal and sociological influences on schooling. It was developed in response to findings from a programme of research on sister egis ( subdivision of health 1995), and a series of organization inspections (sociable work Inspectorate 1997a,b). tender workers often wee-wee to sense of equilibrium the require of s chooserren and families with agency requirements, which Davies (1997), points pop turn taboo ar often on a lower floorpinned by a legal mandate agreely accountability is a complex concept in loving work.The discernment framework provides a systematic elan of contacting, analysing, belowstanding and recording what is hazard to churlren and three-year-old mountain within their families and the wider context of the communit y in which they live, (De take offment of Health, De calvement for Education and Employment, base Office, 2000) and the acquirement in travail and recording an judicial decision according to Coulshed & Orme (1998 p.26) lies in the ability of professionals to collect enough of the duty pleasing of in chassisation and this hatful only be do in the right kind of environment. Cleaver and Walkers (2003) research work build that the implementation of the sagaciousness framework all overall has been successful, it has facilitated joint working betwixt agencies having a profound influence on form _or_ system of government and exert in tikerens function.The all chela Matters constitution initiative was a appointed amicable policy programme in a lot of regard and a catalyst for radical reform however some of the attendes and procedures invaded and undermined the rights of the pip-squeak to privacy under Article 8 of the European throng for homosexual Rights (ECHR), Hoyle, (2008), which I will hash out further in this assignment.thither make been many an other(prenominal) criticisms of the judgement framework and Helm (2011) mentions that even though the prize of assessments agree improved there is persistent difficulty with levels and quality of analysis and a repeated disregardure amongst professionals to pay sufficient attention to what kidren and young people may be saying or so their own inescapably and experiences.Parton (2010) highlights that during the period since late 2008 & the tragic death of Baby P, the center on has shifted to a greater consummation centimerally to child trade surety where prior to this period the emphasis was on resistanceing, and there has been a renewed official priority given to fond work to which the developments have been given an added impetus with the election of the Conservative/ great(p) populist Coalition government in May 2010 which generated the Munro survey into child protection.I will provide a searing analysis of how relevant legislation and policy impact on assessing the take of children and their families and I will discuss ways that inadequate assessments can lead to failures. To success encompassingy implement the assessment framework a surgical operation out has to be followed which requires affectionate workers to be skilful and experienced. I will explore ways in which the assessment framework is a useful tool in modern-day kind work practice, identifying the significance of danger and safeguarding with children and young people and how we can learn from past mis throws. In addition I will discuss some of the dilemmas that social workers face with the assessment process in comparison to the rights of children and families.Legislation and polity in the Children and Families judgment FrameworkThe assessment framework was introduced under section (7) of the Local Authority hearty Services mo in 2000 and implemented in April 2001. (Millar & Corby, (2006). It followed the introduction of the Children Act (1989) which legitimises actions taken by social workers.The framework builds on the duties of assessment of needs lay out out in section (17) and schedule (2) para (3) of the Children Act 1998. (Parker & Bradley, p.18), and builds on responsibilities under section (47) of the Children Act which obliges local authorities to consider making inquires if concerns have been expressed active a childs well- world or possible maltreatment. Assessments under section (47) involve a sh bed obligation in consultation with other professionals. Failure to properly implement variance (17) schedule (2) meant that the broader offbeat needs of disadvantaged children was overlooked so the do had to refocus social work practice so that child protection concerns were included in the assessment framework.Parker (2007) states that the assessment framework is policy restraint and highlights the importance of inter-agency sharing of i nformation and coope circumscribe in working together, while emphasising the principles of person-centred, strengths-based practice. It is do up of three domains (triangle) that represent the childs developmental needs, the p atomic number 18nting competency to respond to those needs and family and environmental factors with the childs welfargon at the centre (Department of Health, 2000a).According to Parton (2010), there was an principal(prenominal) shift under the bran-new Labour government away from answers that were framed primarily in terms of the family to ones that were explicitly child-centred. The Every Child Matters (ECM) policy framework a commit response to the Climbie Report was developed within government and championed by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) in September (2003), and underpins the Children Act (2004). The ECM joined-up services for children and families under one roof so how can anyone dispute that non all child matters? We ll, it only applied in 150 local endorsement aras in England and was not scheduled forimplementation in Scotland, Wales or Federal Ireland, which would lead to the assumption that every child matters in England notwithstanding not in the United Kingdom.Also under the ECM framework was a considerable pecuniary investment, made in establishing a universal child surveillance database (Contact Point) and countless areas of activity concerning children except were brigaded under the every child matters brand. The Integrated Children System which built on the assessment framework according to White et al, (2010) disrupted the professional task, engendering a range of unsafe practices and raise a gathering storm of user resistance, (p.405).Parton (2011, p.16) notes that the Conservative/ unaffixed Democrat Coalition government made it clear, after its election victory in May 2010, that it was the reduction in the public finance debt that was its overriding and approximately urgent governmental priority and immediately set about reducing public expenditure. The new government established an sovereign reassessment of child protection, chaired by Eileen Munro within three weeks of coming into office, (Parton, 2010, p.2) and the new government withal began to dismantle primaeval elements of the ECM framework (e.g. Contact Point), and about consigned the enormous ECM website to the archive ( scarceler & Hickman, 2011). Research tells us that when thresholds are likely to be raised if there are limited resources, financial constraints or the pressure of increased workloads, this is a way that organisations can ration responses, by prioritising cases, (Turney et al, 2011), executive summary notes that, where children are neglect or ill-treat bear witness indicates that the help they received from services was inadequate.The Munro palingenesis is the in style(p) in a long line of policy initiatives in England set up to address the challenges for the stat e and wider society to the problem of child abuse. (Parton, 19852006). The review argues that a major reason why child protection policy and practice has developed in the way that it has in England arises from ostracise and critical responses from the media to professionals, in particular social workers, so improving the public two-baser of social work is key to improving child protection. (Parton,2012, p.158). But the review did not make it clear what it meant by child protection or what it set as the main aims of the child protection system (p.154)The Assessment ProcessAssessment can be seen as an on-going, continuous and shared process in which the service user interacts and participates. Darlymple and Burke (2006) explain that exponentiation defines an activity where people are not just listened to or consulted but are also able to influence and achieve change. It is a process of what has happened and what is happening now. (Butler & Hickman, 2011 p.168), and Smale et al. ( 1993) highlight the idea of exchange in assessment in which a two-way communication takes place, enabling the views of service users and professionals to be accorded cost respect.The assessment framework describes itself as rooted in child development, (DOH, 2000) therefore it is vital that social workers have a thorough judgement in child development as this is critical for work with children and families. It takes the skill and talent and understanding of a social worker to make reek of the information gathered from different sources and begin the process with the information in campaign of them. Sometimes the information needs to be collected once again and again at the cost of the people using the services, especially if they have already given information to a social worker previously, but the process is an on-going one so in some cases negotiations need to be made with a range of people.Each childs needs should be assessed individually when referred to services. An sign assessment is completed within 7-10 days. The initial assessment gathers information along the three parameters of assessment framework, which determines what services (if any) are needed. The tight time constraints can at this arcdegree in the assessment framework can influence the initial decisions about where and how to manage referrals. Regan (2001) mentions that the form filling associated with the assessment framework is a time-consuming obstacle to the process of engaging helpfully with people.(cited in Millar & Corby, 2006, p. 888).The core assessment which is an in-depth process containing numerous questions, is only necessary if it is clear from the initial assessment that a to a greater extent detailed assessment is required and if there are safeguarding concerns. It uses the full model of the assessment (the childs needs, the needs within the wider community) and the (capacity of the farms) and should be arrogatee within 35 working days. Current statutory guidance on promoting the health and well-being of looked after children (DCSF, 2009) suggests the use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as an proto(prenominal) stage screening tool for this purpose. (cited in Turney et al, 2011). In social work practice, it is important to agree on the assessment plan with the child and its family so all parties are aware who is going to be doing what and when, and how the assessment will be used to inform overall judgements about the childs needs and subsequent planning, (DOH, 2000a).Two studies conducted by Corby et al, (2002a) who sought the views of 34 sets of parents being assessed under the new framework, concluded that almost all parents were satisfied or had positive views about the initial assessments and two-thirds snarl in a specimenized way about core assessments. Focus groups who also took part in the submit were also positive about initial assessments and had mixed views about the core assessments. The majority raised issu es about time constraints and staff resources. The study doesnt mention, which local authority area the study took place, the ages of the parents or the social origins as this may have made a difference to the outcome.Anti-oppressive and Anti-discriminatory practice when conducting assessments should take into account peoples differences, for manakin religion, colour or race. If assessments are done correctly it will be person-centred and will include diverse factors such as the gender, sexuality or age of a person, cited in Turney et al, (2011). They also note criticisms of the child development model and that it doesnt take into account the childs disability and suggest that the assessment should include tailoring of templates to reflect their strengths, abilities and needs through their chosen mode of communication.Coulshed and Orme (1983) discuss drawbacks to the assessment process in that they could be used to control not just access to services but also disadvantaged sectio ns of the community for example dossiers kept on so-called problem families or those who have assertively sought assistance, and Ahmad (1990) mentions the adjective aggressive which is applied to sullen clients who assert their needs for equitable services and that white assessments fail to take into account b want realities and environments. Preston-Shoot, (2003) adds that studies have shown that social workers have a lack of referencing to research and theory in their assessment disciplines.The components of the assessment framework requires much than just vision. It requires social workers to observe behaviours as well as gather information which can be non-verbal, for example observing facial expressions, look at attachments with family members, observing body language etc. The message in social worker practice is clear, that when working with children and their families it is vital to have a non-judgemental manner, not to make assumptions when carrying out assessments and i ntervening with individuals and to keep an open mind. In addition social workers should, maintain adequate and accurate note keeping records and should ensure accountability when working in collaboration with other organisations. risk of exposure of infection and SafeguardingThe discussion of risk and safeguarding and allocation of resources is a reminder of the power that social workers hold. The assessment framework (Department of Health et al., 2000), attempted to move the focus from the assessment of risk of child abuse and significant harm (Department of Health, 2001) to one that was concern with the idea of risk of impairment to a childs overall development in the context of their family and community environment. (cited in Parton, 2010 p.7).Parton, (2010) discusses that by the early 1990s the child protection and child welfare systems could be characterised in terms of the need toidentify high risk cases so that these could be differentiated from the rest. According to Dal e et al., 1986 Parton and Parton, 1989, High-risk was conceptualised in terms of dangerousness, for it occurred in the underage minority of dangerous families, and such families were subject to extreme family dysfunctions and violent personalities and were seen as the primary cause of child abuse and needed to be identified so children could be protected. Government demandlines that specifically focused on the protection of children from abuse was reinforced further in the only official guide on the purpose and content of professional assessments from the Department of Health, (1998) guide, Protecting Children A Guide for Social Workers Undertaking a Comprehensive Assessment. The guide was specifically designed for social workers in cases where abuse was either substantiated or extremely suspected and was concerned with assessments for long-term planning in child protection cases. (Parton, 2010, p.6)So how can risk be identified? According to the (2003) special K Paper the risk characteristics of experiencing negative outcomes is concentrated in children with certain characteristics, and the more risk factors a child had, the more likely it was that they would experience negative outcomes for example poor parenting, crime and anti-social & deviant behaviour are seen to vie key roles and it is stated that identifying factors and intervening early provided a major scheme for overcoming the social exclusion of children and avoiding problems later in life. (cited in Parton, 2010, p.10)The Department of Health (Social Care impart for Excellence, 2005), following the introduction of the Children Act (1989) commissioned a series of research studies which reported an over-emphasis on issues of abuse and neglect at the expense of assessing and accompaniment families. The (SCIE) drafted the report Managing risk and minimising mistakes in services to children and families in 2005. The report based on a pilot study of organisational approaches to risk management and includes opportunities for learning from safeguarding incidents. The teams involved in the study were practitioners and service users recruited from England and Wales and fieldwork was conducted in July/August 2004 from both teams. Regarding theneeds assessment, the report mentions that assessing and safeguarding children from significant harm is complex, which style that border on misses involves cases where potential significant harm to children was overlooked.During the referral and assessment stage the near misses arise due to the prioritisation of casesprofessional not having an accurate or full picture of what is happening decisions made by other teams or agenciesThe report concludes that in relation to assessing the needs of children in particular the need to safeguard them from significant harm practitioners commentaries showed that near misses were a regular occurrence and were part and parcel of land of the job. The report also suggested that latent failures are emb edded in the system which include a lack of sufficient resources to meet the needs of children and families. (SCIE, 2005, p.35)The role of social work practice in childrens services in England has in relation to child protection seen a hammy change. Since late 2008, Parton (2010) mentions that following the Baby Ps tragic death, policy and practice have moved in new directions and the Children and Family Court advisory and hurt Service (CAFCASS, 2009) reported that there were nearly 50 per cent more care applications to court in the second half of 2008-09 compared with the jump half of that year. High-profile and very public criticisms of social workers and other health and welfare professionals in cases of child abuse put increasing pressure on child welfare services in the UK. (Parton, 1985 Butler and Drakeford, (2005). More lately the sentencing of 9 Asian men in the Rochdale Grooming case in which critics have highlighted further protection issues amongst professionals.So wi th clear messages from research, what is the best way for professionals to address issues of risk to children? The report focused primarily on brisk failures and it states that adept practice is to learn from past mistakes and a key room for learning is to harness the knowledge and expertise from service users and to improve assessment systems promoting the welfare of children and families. (SCIE, 2005). Social workers also need toknow why they are seeking a particular piece of information and how to process it disbelieving all the information from sources, being intuitive and thinking analytically and critically. master key issues in relation to rights of children and families and the assessment process.Jones (2001) mentions that social work assessment frameworks in general largely ignore the value of listening and forming supportive relationships, lessen the power of service users to express their concerns effectively, and adds that social workers often have to balance the ne eds and rights of the child with those of the parents. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) sets out the independent rights of the children, but it also states that the best interests of the child are normally served by supporting the childs family, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, (2005).The (JRF), 2005 study examined the tensions inherent in child and family policy, its implications of human rights legislation for policy development and the extent to which government has managed these responsibilities through the development of appropriate policies and structures for service delivery. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), sets out the parents and children entitlements, including the right for respect for family life enshrined in Article (8).The (2005) study encourages a debate about managing the tensions between policies in support of children and those directed at parents and the family and concludes that contradictions and conflicts in policy in ch ildrens welfare eclipses parents rights, and there is no consistent overview of how interests of family members are managed across the generations. It also states that at local level, Childrens Trusts might be strengthened by changing their name to Children and Family Trusts encouraging holistic thinking and making their incarcerate explicit. Although the ECHR has been incorporate into domestic law through the Human Rights Act, its entitlements are not promoted in social policy and despite signing up to the CRC the government has not incorporated its articles into UK legislation. (JRF, 2005)It is important as part of the assessment process and for a good assessment to keep the focus of the child at the centre of the assessment process. Although this may be a problem with teenagers who are already going through changes and many of whom have estranged relationships with their parents and families. Studies note that there is sometimes an unwillingness of some social workers to interv ene with teenagers and evidence from dangerous Case Reviews indicate that suicide was a common cause of death with teenagers aged between the ages of 16 to 17 years of age. Social workers need to be aware of the dangers and of the impact of non-engagement with teenagers, and agencies need to have appropriate strategies and resources in place to address their needs (Brandon et al., 2008 and 2009 Hicks and Stein, 2010 Stein, 2007) (cited in Turney et al , (2011).The Turney et al, (2011) research article indicates that there are difficulties for many social workers in making and sustaining relationships with children and with representing the childs voice in assessments and evidence shows that on occasions practice has fallen short of the standard required. Helm (2011) writes that children and young people have clearly identified that professionals fail to really listen, not because of a lack of time, but because they focus on adults views and protect themselves from the difficult na ture of what they are being told. (p.908)Ferguson, (2001) mentions the difficulties that social workers and other professionals face in such cases of assessing the needs of children while at the same(p) time trying to engage a mother and father who dont always want the intervention, and research shows that there is considerable evidence that the nature of parental relationships with professionals affect decisions arising from assessments. Turney et al, (2011). Assessments of disable children raises a number of complexities and challenges for example the child developmental model underpinning the assessment framework can be seen by some social workers as not appropriate for disabled children (Cleaver et al.,2004 Mitchell and Sloper, 2008).Children need support at various stages of the assessment process so as to beable to exercise their own rights. (Butler & Williamson 1994, Darlymple & Hough 1995). The childs views whether expressed verbally or non-verbally and those of relevant pe ople in the childs life to the assessment is usually sought to get ideas about the best way of helping the child. (Coulshed and Orme, p.26). The assessments of parents relies on verbal communication, but if the parent has learning disabilities or there are language barriers communication could be misinterpreted.A qualitative study carried out by Walker (1999 a,b) in which 15 children aged between 12 and 15 were interviewed for the purpose of display childrens experiences of review meetings. Many of the children viewed assessment as formal and bureaucratic, which they utter took place on the adults terms, and many wanted to get away from the meetings as soon as possible. angiotensin-converting enzyme child described feeling as an outsider, when adults opened their diaries and planned the next meeting without consultation with the child. Some children felt the language used was difficult, and the aim of meetings was to talk about them and not with them. polishThe Assessment Framewo rk is underpinned by child development and an ecological framework developed in response to findings from a programme of research on child protection. It provides a systematic way for social workers to gather and probe information and recordings of what is happening to children and young people within their families and the wider community in which they live.Legislation and policy legitimises what actions social workers can take when undertaking assessments. There was an important shift under the New Labour Government in assessment with the Every Child Matters policy framework which was a direct response to the Climbie Report & the death of Victoria Climbie. The ECM framework joined-up childrens services under one roof, but it was only implemented in England, it was a considerable financial investment and established a child surveillance database and countless areas of activity were brigaded under the every child matters brand.inside 3 weeks of coming into office in May 2010, the C onservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition governments most urgent political priority was reducing the public finance debt. The government established an independent review of child protection chaired by Eileen Munro, which is the latest in a long line of policy initiatives in England. The new government dismantled the key elements of the ECM framework almost consigning the enormous ECM website to the archives.The Assessment Framework as a process appears to have been welcomed by professionals and service users, but there have been criticisms. Messages from research tell us that the issues raised from professionals regarding the assessment process were the time constraints and staff resources and usually when there are limited resources, thresholds are likely to be raised and organisations tend to ration responses to their services by prioritising cases, and Turney et al (2011) note that in cases where children are neglected or abused evidence shows that the help they received from ser vices was inadequate.Discussing take chances and Safeguarding according to Parton (2010) high risk in the early 1990s was conceptualised in terms of dangerousness and occurred in a small minority of dangerous families. But the 2003 Green Paper looks at certain characteristics associated with risk such as poor parenting or anti-social behaviour (deviance) as playing a key role in negative outcomes associated to risk. The Social Care Institute for Excellence 2005 study found that during the referral and assessment stages near misses occurred due to prioritisation over cases and professionals not having an accurate or full picture of what is happening in a childs life and that near misses were part and parcel of the job.The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child notes the best interests of the child are usually served by supporting the child and their family and although the European Convention on Human Rights sets out the parents and children entitlements in Article 8, according to a study conducted by the (2005) Joseph Rowntree Foundation study the entitlementsare not promoted to social policy and despite signing up to the CRC the government has not incorporated its articles into UK legislation.For good assessments it is important that social workers keep the focus on the children and young people and use intuitive skills even though there are difficulties in social work practice in making and sustaining relationships.ReferencesAhmad, A. (1990) pull with Care, capital of the United Kingdom, execute Equality Unit/National Institute for Social Work.Bartlett, H. (1970) The Common strand of Social Work Practice. New York National Association of Social Workers.Brandon, M., Bailey, S., Belderson, P., Gardner, R., Sidebotham, P., Dodsworth, J., Warren, C. and Black, J. (2009) understand spartan Case Reviews and their impact A Biennial digest of Serious Case Reviews 2005-07. Research Report DCSF-RR129. University of eastern hemisphere Anglia.Brand on, M., Belderson, P., Warren, C., Howe, D., Gardner, R., Dodsworth, J and Black, J. (2008). Analysing Child Deaths and Serious Injury through Abuse and Neglect What Can We Learn? A biennial analysis of serious case reviews 2003-2005. Research Report DCSF-RR023. University of atomic number 99 Anglia.Butler, I. And Drakeford, M. (2005) Scandal Social Policy and Social Welfare, Bristol, Policy Press.Butler, I & Hickman C. (2011). Social Work with Children and Families Getting into Practice. Third edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. LondonButler, I. & Williamson, H. (1994), Children speak, Children, trauma and social work. Essex Longman nurture and Reference.Cleaver, H., and Walker, S. (2003) From policy to practice the implementation of a new framework for social work assessments of children and families. Child and Family Social Work 2004, 9, pp 81-90. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Cleaver, H. & Walker, S. with Meadows, P. (2004) Assessing Childrens needfully and Circumstances The Imp act of the Assessment Framework. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Coulshed,V and Orme, J. (1998) Social Work Practice an introduction, Basingstoke Macmillan.Dale, P., Davies, M., Morrison, T. and Waters, J. (1986) Dangerous Families Assessment and Treatment of Child Abuse, London, Tavistock.Dalrymple, J. & Hough, J. (eds) (1995), Having a Voice. An Exploration of Childrens Rights and Advocacy. Birmingham Venture Press.Davies, M. (1997) (ed) The Blackwell Companion to Social Work. Oxford Blackwell.Department of Health (1995) Child tribute Messages from Research. HMSO, London.Department of Health (1988) Protecting Children A Guide for Social Workers undertaking a comprehensive assessment. London HMSODepartment of Health, Department for Education and Employment, Home Office. (2000). Framework for the assessment of children in need and their families, London The Stationery Office.Every Child Matters Green Paper, Retrieved, 30th May 2012 from http//publications.everychildmatters.gov.u kHelm, D. (2011) Judgements or Assumptions? The Role of Analysis in AssessingChildren and Young Peoples Needs. British daybook of Social Work, 41, 894-911Hoyle, D. (2008). Problematizing Every Child Matters the encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved June 8th 2012 from http//www.infed.orgJones, C. (2001) Voices from the front line state social workers and New Labour, British ledger of Social Workers, 31 (4), pp. 547-562.Jones, P. (2011) What are Childrens Rights? Contemporary Developments and Debates. Part One Chapter Overview. Retrieved, 29th May 2012 from http//www.sagepub.comJoseph Rowntree Foundation. (2005). Findings Informing Change Human Rights obligations and policy supporting children and families. Retrieved, 29th May 2012 from www.jrf.org.ukMitchell, W. and Sloper, P. (2008) The Integrated Childrens System and Disabled Children. Child and Family Social Work, 13 (3) 274-285.Parker, J. (2007) Chapter 11 the process of social work Assessment, Planning, interjection a nd Review. In, Lymbery, Mark & Postle, Karen (Eds.), Social Work a companion to learning, pp. 111-122, London SAGE Publications Ltd.Parker, J and Bradley, G. (2005) Social Work Practice Assessment, Planning, Intervention and Review. nurture Matters.Parton, C. and Parton, N. (1989) Child Protection, the law and dangerousness, in O. Stevenson (ed), Child Abuse Public Policy and Professional Practice, Hemel Hempstead, Harvester-Wheatsheaf.Parton, N. (1985). The Politics of Child Abuse, Basingstoke, Macmillan.Parton, N. (2006). Safeguarding Childhood Early Intervention and superintendence in a late Modern smart set. Palgrave/Macmillan BasingstokeParton, N. (2010). Child Protection and Safeguarding in England Changing and Competing Conceptions of Risk and their Implications for Social Work. British Journal of Social Work 2010, pp, 1-22Parton, N. (2012). The Munro Review of Child Protection An Appraisal. Policy Review. Children & Society Volume 26, (2012) pp. 150-162Preston-Shoot, M. (2 003) A matter of record? Practice, 15 (3) 31-50Smale,G., Tuson, G., Biehal, N. and Marsh, P. (1993) Empowerment, Assessment, Care focussing and the Skilled Worker, London, The Stationery Office.Social Care Institute for Excellence (2005). Managing risk and minimising mistakes in services to children and families. Children and Families Services Report 6. The Policy PressSocial Services Inspectorate (1997a) Assessment, Planning and Decision-Making, Family Support Services. Department of Health, London.Social Services Inspectorate (1997b) Messages from Inspections Child Protection Inspections 1992/1996. Department of Health, London.Stein, M., Hicks, L., Rees, G. and Gorin, S. (2007) A Review of the Literature on the eagerness of Guidance for Multi-Disciplinary Teams and a Guide for Young People. (Confidential Draft)Turney, D., Platt, D., Selwyn, J., & Farmer, E. (March 2011) Social work assessment of children in need what do we know? Messages from Research Executive succinct School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol. Accessed 29th May 2011.Walker, S. (1999 a), Children looked after their involvement and perceptions of decision-making. University of East AngliaWalker, S. (1999 b), Childrens perspectives on attending statutory reviews, in Schemmings, D. (eds.) Involving Children in Family Support and Child Protection. London The Stationary Office.White, S.,Wastell. D., Broadhurst, K., and Hall, D. (2010) When policy overlaps itself The tragic tale of the integrated childrens system. Critical Social Policy 30, 3, 405-429.

A University Education Is Not Essential for Success’ Essay

In a general point of view, university statement is inevitable for success and that is why parents nowadays would ask their children to finish their Bachelor full point as a minimum request. They think that university genteelness is an substantial grammatical constituent for success. However, I do not think that that is true at all. University teaching method is only iodin of the recognises for success but not the only key to achieve success. Some people may think that what success is organism a millionaire or even a billionaire. Nevertheless, in the reality, being that contour of capitalists does not require every degree of reading.It is a truth that having a higher degree of education can let us throw a higher salary job but it is not essential for being the tycoons. There are some real life scrutinyples to come up my argument is truth. Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Richard Li choose to give up their prospect to finish the university education and start their business o rganisationes. Although they do not have any diploma of graduation in the university, they can still run their business very well and earn a huge sum of money. University education is not an essential element for being a millionaire.Earning enormous witness of income does not request any degree. Moreover, what success is not only qualification a huge sum of money but also make our own dreams come true. Not everyone is giving weight money to a high position and what he or she wants is to accomplish his or her dreams. divers(prenominal) people have different dreams and some of the dreams may require a high level of education such as being a doctor or a lawyer in Hong Kong. It is necessary for the one who has these dreams to have a good academic result in A-Level exam and finish the university study to get the certification.However, some dreams do not title any degree such as travelling around the earth and having a perfectly satisfactory family. Therefore, we can grasp that how e ssential a university education is according to the ones dreams but university education is not essential for every dream. In addition, there are many new(prenominal) keys for success, such as the talents, intelligence, communication skills, social skills etc. To be prosperous in a career, we need those elements I mentioned above and cannot ignore their importance for success.The diploma is only just an admission ticket in our career. What the impress paying attention is not our level of education but our working ability. Thats mean the ability to get the project done in order to help the boss earning profit. Although one has a high education level, the boss would still fire him or her if he or she makes hard to the company. Therefore, the university education is not that essential as people think. In conclusion, the university education is only one of the key for success.

Why Do Countries Trade with Each Other

Why do countries trade with each other? Show, using examples, why this may be to do with principle of comparative good. Introduction In 1776 Adam metalworker stated, If a foreign coun yield sight supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves cigarette make it, better buy it of them with some percentage of the produce of our admit constancy, employed in a way in which we watch some value. This sentence shows basic principle on which the valet de chambrely concern trade is based. Countries buy and sell goods abroad to achieve the best affirm up to(p) cost-effectiveness.Long-distance trade dates back to the ancient successions and today it is the heart of the world economy. It is a crucial promoter in economic breakth of each state. Source of prosperity and development in industrialized world. Statistic that toldy speaking, countries with blue per capita values of merchandise and import tend to have comparatively robust and prosperous societies. Internationa l trade is a necessity deriving from the potpourri of international community. Countries have different weather, indwelling resources, state, educational level of work string, infrastructure.All these function make cost of producing particular commodities different in each orbit. And that deflection causes international trade to be reasonable. In my essay Ill try to justify why countries trade with each other by pointing knocked out(p) and explaining particular aspects of foreign trade. Natural Resources and Factor of Endowment The more or less self-evident and palpable cause for international trade is a difference in location of natural resources and factor of endowment. Factor of endowment is amountoflabor,land, coinandentrepreneurshipthat could be exploited formanufacturingwithin a solid ground.Every ground is unique, therefore they have different economic potentials. Some countries naturally have more natural resources, higher population, grownupger territory than t he others. Uneven location of resources causes limited possibilities of output within countries. For example France has basically no anoint resources on its own yet it is the world 13th biggest consumer (CIA, 2010). That blottos that it has to import al intimately all it requires. They are importing it from countries that have oil surplus that they can exchange. commonwealth is also a crucial factor.More populated nations are more in all likelihood to produce huge surplus of commodities that they can subsequently sell. Like china which huge industry sector produce number of goods big liberal to sell all over the world. In order to cultivate the land, grow particular plants, practice animal husbandry very specific mode and soil fertility is needed. For instance citrus fruits can develop solitary(prenominal) in climates with a cool winter. Relatively some countries can necessitate to have weather like this, yet we can buy oranges and limes all over the world.These examples show that some countries do not have physiologic possibility to produce original goods and have to import them. This is especially discernible in industrialized western societies which historically have very big demand on tropical goods such as spices, fabrics, fruits etc. metier Heckscher-Ohlin theory indicates that countries specializes in the production of goods that it is adopted to produce. It directly derives from differences in factor of endowment I described before.Countries have different production efficacy some are rich in capital and poor in excavate power, others have a lot of battalion notwithstanding not much capital, some have a lot of raw materials, other have skilled man power. Principle of specialisation is closely related to the division of labour. Whole country adopts a role of producer of certain good when the others do the same with different goods. Of course it is just a simplification because some commodities like for instance cars are produced i n umpteen different countries. One country can be specialised in production of many different goods.But in general every country produce a certain range of products in high volume. That curb them the opportunity to invest as much capital and labour as it is possible to develop the production and conduct research. That helps achieving higher efficiency of production and exploit economy of scale. parsimony of scale is basically decreasing mediocre cost of production per unit by expanding scale of output. By specialization economy is capable to produce high surplus and sell it abroad afterwards. Since when costs of production decreases, supply increases.To visualize the point Ill break and theoretical example. Country A is very capital-abundant but is poor in labour and country B is poor in capital, but has a lot of labour force. Country A country can embodiment capital-intensive industries that give have great efficiency thanks to scale of the production. It will produce surplu s and then exchange it with country B which specialized itself in labour-intensive industries. By that means, production of both capital and labour intensive goods will be higher and of better quality. Great factual world example is Dutch agriculture.Holland is a medium populated country with only 61st place in the world in terms of population (CIA, 2012). Yet its agriculture which employs only 2% of the population provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and exports. After United states and France it is world third largest exporter of foodstuffs. That is thanks to huge investments in new technologies and mechanized agriculture. Comparative Advantage Both reasons for trading that I described in previous paragraphs boil down to one autocratic cause for world trade to occur, comparative advantage.Country has a comparative advantage when it has an ability to produce particular good at lower borderline and opportunity cost. Because of limited production capacity no c ountry is able to produce every needed product. To produce particular good or service, economy sometimes has to give up on producing others. That means that a country has to specialize on producing goods that is has comparative advantage on. For instance lets assume that Poland can produce both cars and grow carrots at relatively low cost but at the same time Ukraine can grow carrots with a bit higher cost than Poland, but cant produce cars.That means that Poland has absolute advantage on both goods but opportunity cost of producing a car in Poland is significantly higher than in Ukraine. By investing work force and capital in cultivation of carrots Poland misses an opportunity to produce more cars which can bring higher revenue to the polish economy. In that way Ukraine has a comparative advantage on production of carrots because Ukrainian economy do not lose opportunity to produce anything, by investing in carrot agricultural production. This example explains why it is sometime wo rthwhile for countries to export goods that they are capable of producing.This can lead everyone to producing only those goods that one can produce most efficiently. Good example of comparative advantage in contemporary world is the fact that on span of last few India became a major supplier of phone answering services for USA. notwithstanding though obviously Americans have better skill in incline language and are able to provide this service independently , relatively high skilled American labour force is needed in another efforts. Opportunity cost of having that service provided by Americans is to apparently to high. Thats why it is transferred to India. ConclusionConclusion that derives from previous points is that world trade is inevitable and necessary mean in contemporary world. Factor of Endowments paragraph clearly states that countries are endow with resources extremely unevenly. 81% of Petroleum reserves which is currently one of the most desired and needed commodities is localized in only 12 countries(OPEC,2011). Concerning that most of the world countries do not have oil resources big plentiful to satisfy domestic demand, they have to import it. This is not only oil supply problem, many goods are able to be produced, mined etc. only in certain areas.This is in my opinion the most visible and crucial reason why countries trade. Secondly over the years people understood that specialization and intensification of production can bring huge profit. Economy of scale make per unit production cheaper but involve bigger effort. Thats why it is easier to focus on big production of only some range of goods why importing others. And of course comparative advantage principle which in mathematical way, shows how by division of production surrounded by countries and a proper assessment of opportunity cost every country can trade with one another with profit.These three examples of reasons why do countries trade should explain concept of international trade c learly generous and show its benefits and inevitability in contemporary world. Bibliography Smith, A, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the wealthiness of Nations, (1776) Sokoloff, Engerman, History Lessons Institutions, Factors Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New orbit, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, usable from http//www. jstor. org/stable/2646928? seq=8 Accessed 29th October 2012McKenzie, Lionel, Specialization and Efficiency in World Production. , The Review of Economic Studies21 1 . Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (1776), p. 364. 2 . Business Dictionary, Factor of Endowment Definition. Available from http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/factor-endowment. html Accessed 28 October 2012 3 . The Economist, Economies of scale and scope. Available from http//www. economist. com/node/12446567 Accessed 29th October 2012

Harnischfeger Corporation

Financial Reporting & Analysis April 19th, 2013 Case Study- Harnischfeger Corporation 1. delimitate clearly the account contention potpourris Harnischfeger made in 1984 as stated in melodic phrase 2 of its mo realiseary statements. The speed derogation method was changed from to straight-line on all confederation assets that ca apply to cast up after-tax lettuce income for 1984 by $11. 005 gazillion. The cumulative exercise of change in 1984 thither en think be no decrement in the depreciation expense due to change. in 1984 striked by $7. 0 jillion over the previous family.Most of this reduction was a conduce of the comp alls agreement with Kobe Steel, Ltd. Under this agreement, Kobe agreed to reimburse Harnischfeger up to $17. 0 gazillion dollars of RD expense over a period of trey historic period. However, nearly students argue that Harnischfeger whitethorn be cutting its explore calculate since the actual reduction in Harnischfegers 1984 R&D expense is much than one- ternary of this amount. (See Exhibit 4, Notes 6 and 9, in the case. ) 8. Effective 1984, Harnischfeger began to include in its give nonice sales products purchased from Kobe Steel, Ltd. , and s darkened to third segmentationies by Harnischfeger.Previously only the arrant(a) margin on Kobe-originated equipment was included in Harnischfegers pecuniary statements. This increase Harnischfegers sales in 1984 by $28. 0 meg but had no tint on its boodle. near students would mis addnly argue that this had an fix on Harnischfegers give the axe income. (See Exhibit 4, Note 2, in the case. ) Although roughly(prenominal) of the above ar fine account statement decisions with no direct cash- string up consequences, the another(prenominal) decisions affect the associations describe earns as well as its cash flow. The instructor should ask the secernate to identify the latter-type decisions among the above.Discussion of Question 2 The above analysis shows that virtually, if not all, of the report dinero of Harnischfeger in 1984 argon produced by invoice changes. Therefore, the bill changes helped the counselling report a signifi turn outhouset profit rather than a grim loss. The instructor should academic degree this out to the class and ask Why do you figure the steering of Harnischfeger made these invoice changes? Students tier out a number of possible motives for the account statement changes 1. Boost the companions stock bell so that the caller-up could raise untried not bad(p), 2.Meet the earnings targets of the partys top circumspection honorarium plan, 3. Avoid the infringement of debt covenant restrictions, and 4. Improve the comp anys image with the customers, dealers, and prospective employees. Some students argue that the analysis in Question (1) shows that it is too complicated for an sightly investor to master through the impact of all the accountancy changes. They further point out that, even if ma ny analysts recognize the offspringuate of the beau mondes chronicle system decisions on the 1984 profits, it is quite a un believably that the analysts would be competent to assess the impact of these changes in future twelvemonths.Other students are likely to argue that the market place movees the reported profit numbers efficiently. They argue that there are some sophisticated analysts who could manage the analysis that was done in the class. The instructor should encourage this discussion. At some point in the discussion, the instructor should intervene and summarize the evidence from the research literature 1. There is considerable evidence in finance and accounting literature that shows that the outstanding markets are generally efficient. 2.For stock prices to reflect human beings in an unbiased manner, it is not necessary that everyone in the market has to process the information correctly. As long as there are some sophisticated investors who can see through the gilds accounting changes, the stock price volition reflect this due to the possibility of arbitrage by these investors. 3. The accounting studies that examine the stock market reaction to accounting changes conclude that the market is not fooled by the accounting decisions of firms. However, the evidence impersonateed in these studies is not conclusive. similarly, these studies do not examine whether the stock market recognizes the recurring tacks of accounting changes. Without additional research, it is difficult to commence conclusive statements on this issue. 4. Even if capital markets see through the effects of accounting changes, managers may believe other in making accounting decisions. This is likely to happen if there are no significant penalties associated with much(prenominal) behavior. Even if investors fully recognize the impact of Harnischfegers accounting decisions, there are other reasons for the participations managers to make these decisions.As Exhibit 2 i n the case indicates, the top management of the company is awarded significant bonuses base on the companys reported profits. This provides an incentive for the managers to boost profits through accounting changes. However, if the compensation committee of the companys board of directors recognizes this possibility, the committee could localise the reported profits before awarding management bonuses. The instructor should challenge the students by petition If investors can see through these changes from public information, why cant the board do it, especially when it has access to additional information in the firm?The third possible motive that is mentioned by the students is the desire of Harnischfegers management to avoid the misde averageor of debt covenant restrictions. Since the company recently experienced the painful consequences of violating these restrictions, it is plausible that the management changed the accounting policies to avoid future violations of the debt res trictions. If debt covenants are specified in frustratement of accounting numbers, managers hire an incentive to choose accounting policies to minimize the violation of the covenants.However, if lenders recognize this possibility, lending agreements would be modified to avoid this possibility as long as the cost of such a modification is not significant. The tetradth possibility is that the accounting decisions are motivated by a desire to convince the companys customers, suppliers, dealers, and employees that Harnischfeger is again back on track and is viable. disposed the nature of the companys products, a lack of confidence in the companys viability is likely to impair the companys ability to sell its products.In fact, the company was negotiating long-term contracts in 1984 with the governments of Turkey and China. It is quite possible that the companys return to profitability might allow helped the management in this respect. Similarly, the companys ability to attract and retain talented employees might have been helped by the image that the company was back on track. During my visit to the company, Harnischfegers management pointed out one additional factor in the companys accounting decisions the role of infixed management considerations.The company used the same set of accounting rules for extraneous reporting and for internal management accounting. The companys product pricing was based on fully allocated product costs, and therefore its accelerated depreciation policies apparently caused its products to be overpriced relative to competition. In addition, the high(prenominal)(prenominal) depreciation charges led to increased capital reinvestment demands from its divisions for maintaining and replacing the companys fixed assets.The companys management mentioned ternary principal reasons for its accounting decisions (1) a belief that the immaterial users of accounting data did not adjust for Harnischfegers conservative financial reporting when comparing the companys performance with other companies in the industry, (2) the unpleasant experience with its debt covenant restrictions, and (3) the interaction between management accounting and external reporting. These reasons are discussed in greater detail in my paper, The general anatomy of an Accounting Change. Underlying all the accounting changes was a reporting philosophical system outlined by the then chief financial military officer and the ongoing president of the company In accounting there is no such thing as absolute truth. The same underlying reality can be accounted for using a range of effronterys. The earlier philosophy of this company was to choose the conservative alternative whenever there was a choice. Now we have decided to change this. We would like to tell the world that we are unrecorded and well. We wish to tell the truth but do not inadequacy to be overly conservative in doing so.When the outside world compares our financial performance with t hat of other companies, they may or may not take the time and effort to untangle the effects of the differences in financial policies that sundry(a) companies follow. My own belief is that flock adjust for the obvious things like one-time gains and losses but have difficulty in adjusting for ongoing differences. In any case, these adjustments impose a cost on the user. If people adjust for the differences in accounting policies when they compare us with other companies, then it should not national whether we follow conservative or liberal policies.But suppose they do not adjust. Then clearly we are better off next the more(prenominal) liberal policies than conservative policies. I am not sure whether people make the adjustments or not, but either way we wish to present an optimistic version of the picture and let people figure out what to do with the numbers. As a company you have to put the surmount foot forward if you want to raise capital, convince customers that you are a viable company, and attract talented people to work for the company. I as sure that the financial reporting should help rather than seal off the implementation of our in operation(p) trategy. In my opinion, the changed accounting format highlights the effectiveness of our strategy better than the old policies do. The instructor can sum up the class discussion on enquiry (2) by mentioning the views of the management set forth above. Discussion of Question 3 After completing the analysis of Harnischfegers accounting insurance policy changes, the class should be asked to assess the companys future. At this point, I go back to my original question to the class, namely, Is it worthwhile to invest in the companys stock in early 1985? I call on a student who considers the companys stock a superb investment and ask him or her to explain why. Harnischfegers turnaround strategy consists of four elements (1) changes in top management, (2) cost reductions to lower the companys break-ev en point, (3) reorientation of the companys pedigree, and (4) restructuring the companys finances to accelerate the implementation of the reorientation strategy. The changes in the top management seem to be good. The natural chief executive officer ( chief executive officer) has considerable experience in Harnischfegers industry.The youthful CEO demonstrated his credibility with the financial community by successfully negotiating with the companys lenders to restructure the companys debt. The new management has taken several locomote in the right direction. The companys cost-reduction programs seem to be paying off. These programs were helpful in reducing the companys losses in 1984. The financial management of the company alike seems to be sound. The cost-reduction programs and the subsidy restructuring have improved the companys cash flow.The total cash-flow analysis, shown in Exhibit 1, indicates that the company has been able to generate confident(p) cash flow from its o perations in 1984. The company raised substantial new capital through a public offering of debentures and viridity stock and used the proceeds to pay off all of the companys restructured debt. Finally, the companys business strategy seems to be sound. The management recognized the latent to exploit the companys strength in the substantive handling equipment business.Through its Harnischfeger Engineers subsidiary, the company planned to expand in this area and bring down on the high margin systems business. This strategy is likely to help the company to move away from the mining and construction equipment business, which is a low-growth and cyclical industry, to a higher-growth and more stable business. Students who are optimistic about the companys future pay heed the above factors as the reasons for their support for the company and its management.They argue that these factors indicate that the companys new management has the right ideas and have a go at its how to turn the c ompany around. These students suggest that the managements accounting decisions were part of its attempt to implement the companys strategy and are therefore constructive. The instructor should drift up the case discussion by reviewing the companys motives for its accounting decisions. The instructor should point out that understanding these motives is essential for an analyst who is interested in assessing the companys flow performance and its future potential.The instructor may end the class by taking a second vote on the investment potential of the companys stock and sharing with the class the subsequent events described below. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS The following events describe the developments subsequent to the time of the case. As can be seen, Harnischfeger seems to have succeeded in implementing its strategy effectively. Also, the company continued to liberalize its financial reporting policies. 1985 1. The company changed its accounting for duration patterns and tooling. Previously, the cost of the patterns and tooling was expensed in the year of acquisition.Under the new method, these costs are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful lives. 2. Harnischfeger reported a net profit of $0. 74 per grapple for financial 1985. The accounting change described above contributed $0. 24 per share to the reported profits. 3. The company raised $147 one thousand thousand by issuing preferred stock. 1986 1. Mr. Goessel was appointed as the chairman and CEO of the company, and Mr. Grade was appointed as the president and chief operating officer (COO). Previously, Mr. Goessel was the president and COO, and Mr. Grade was the CFO. 2.Harnischfeger acquired Beloit Corporation, a producer of papermaking machinery and systems, for $175 one million million in cash. Later in the year, stock equivalent to a 20% impartiality interest in Beloit was sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. , for $60 million in cash. 3. The company acquired Syscon Corporati on, a firm based in Washington, DC for $92 million in cash. Syscon developed advanced computer systems for military markets. 4. Harnischfeger inform a plan to sell the companys Construction Equipment Division for approximately $17 million in cash and $55 million in debentures. . The company reported that Harnischfeger Engineers received a major order for the design of an automatize car assembly plant. 6. Harnischfeger reported a net loss of $1. 14 per share for pecuniary 1986. This consisted of a profit of $2. 15 per share from keep operations, a loss of $4. 45 per share from discontinued operations (Construction Equipment Division), and a gain of $1. 16 per share from the adoption of the new pension accounting rules. 1987 1. Harnischfeger received a takeover offer from Columbia Ventures, Inc. , for $19 per share in cash.The company considered the offer inadequate and rejected it. Exhibit 1 Total change-Flow Analysis ($ in thousands) 1984 1982 1981 Working capital from operations $ 2,961 $ 1,763 $ (55,902) (Increase)/ fall n accounts receivable (23,908) (5,327) 42,293 (Increase)/decrease in inventories 9,282 56,904 26,124 (Increase)/decrease in refundable income taxes and cerebrate interest 11,289 (2,584) (6,268) (Increase)/decrease in other reliable assets 259 10,008 (439) Increase/(decrease) in accounts payable 16,488 (1,757) (3,302) Increase (decrease) in employee compensation and benefits payable 698 (15,564) (3,702) Increase/(decrease) in accrued plant closing costs (3,888) (14,148) 20,496 Increase (decrease) in other current liabilities (3,181) (15,927) (3,030) Cash from operating cycle $ 10,000 $ 13,368 $ 16,270 Minus plant and equipment additions (5,546) (1,871) (10,819) Cash before dividends, investments, and external financing $ 4,454 $ 11,497 $ 5,451 Minus cash dividends 0 0 (2,369) Cash before investments and external financing $ 4,454 $ 11,497 $ 3,082 Minus advances to unconsolidated companies (2,882) 0 0 Plus other 269 1,531 848 Cash before external financing $ 1,841 $ 13,128 $ 3,930 External Financing Proceeds from senior notes and subordinated Debentures $ 120,530 $ 0 $ 0 renewal of export and factored receivable sales to debt 0 23,919 0 Restructured debt 0 158,058 0 Debt replaced, including conversion of receivable sales of 23,919 0 (158,058) 0 Repayments of debt (161,500) (760) (9,409) Increase (repayment) of short bank notes payable 2,107 (3,982) (2,016) Other increases in debt 1,474 0 25,698 Issuance of crude stock 21,310 0 449 Issuance of common stock warrants 6,663 0 0 paying(a) pension assets reversion 39,307 0 0 Cash from external financing $ 29,891 $ 19,177 $ 14,722 Net increase (decrease) in cash and temporary investments $ 31,732 $ 32,205 $ 18,652 2. What is the effect of the depreciation accounting method change on the reported income in 1984? How will this change affect profits in future years? It increased the net income to $11 million for 1984 or $. 93 per common and common equivalent share. The straight-line method will allow the assets to continue to deprecate in the same amount for the life of the asset.This change will increa se profit in future years even thought the depreciation expense in strait-line will be higher that wouldve been with accelerated method. 3. What is the effect of the depreciation lives change? How will this change affect future reported profits? As a top of going to strait-line the company overly has changed its estimated depreciation lives on certain U. S. plants, machinery and equipment and residual harbors on certain machinery and equipment, which increased net income for 1984 by $3. 2 million or $. 27 per share. No income tax effect was applied to this change. This change should report higher profits in the coming years. $3. 2 million or $. 27 per share. No income tax effect was applied to this change. This change should report higher profits in the coming years. 4.The depreciation accounting changes assume that Harnischfegers plant and machinery will last longer and will lose their nurse more slowly. Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary indu stries in 1984, are these scotch assumptions justified? Not necessarily, they can not fully predict the outcome of these changes but narration shows them that as long as their plant machinery are more up to date production will perform at a better rate which should lead to priceless resources needed to conduct good business. 5. In Note 7, Harnischfeger describes the effect of last in first out inventory liquidation on its reported profits in 1984. light upon what is meant by last in first out liquidation and how liquidation affects a companys income statement and balance sheet. By LIFO liquidation means when a companys accounting sells its oldest inventory since the current sales are higher then current purchases then the liquidation will occur, meaning that senior(a) inventory will be sold. The effect of the LIFO liquidation on the companys income statement is an increase in net income by $2. 4 million or $. 20 in fiscal year 1984. There is no income tax effect. On the balance sheet there is a decrease of inventory, due to liquidation. 4. The depreciation accounting changes assume that Harnischfegers plant and machinery will last longer and will lose their value more slowly.Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary industries in 1984, are these economic assumptions justified? They cannot fully predict the outcome of these changes but history shows however, we know they were experiencing a drop in sales this would also mean that they were large-minded less use to their machinery, and that would cause less wear and tide rip to the machinery justifying and increase on the useful life of the asset. 5. In Note 7, Harnischfeger describes the effect of LIFO inventory liquidation on its reported profits in 1984. Describe what is meant by LIFO liquidation and how liquidation affects a companys income statement and balance sheet.The liquidation means selling of quondam(a) inventory since the current sales are higher then current purch ases then the liquidation will occur and as result any inventory not sold in previous periods must be liquidated. The company will benefit by an increase in net income by $2. 4 million or $. 20 in fiscal year 1984. Meaning that the net loss of previous year 1983 was reduce by approximately 15. 6 million. The balance sheet would have decrease of inventory from 12. 6 mil in 1983 to 5. 5 mil in 1984. 6. Note 8, states Harnischfegers payment for doubtful accounts. Compute the ratio of the allowance to gross receivables (receivables before the allowance) in 1983 and 1984.What would the allowance have been if the company retained the ratio at the 1983 level? How much did the pre-tax income increase as a result of the changed ratio in 1984? The companys provision for doubtful accounts receivables as a percentage of total receivables was 8. 4% in 1984. The corresponding percentage in 1983 was 11. 3%. If the company maintained the same percentage provision in the two years, the bad debt e xpense in 1984 would have been $1. 5 million more than the reported expense. 7. Note 9, page 216, states that Harnischfeger decreased R&D expense in 1984 relative to the previous two years. Do you think this change was motivated by business considerations or accounting considerations?How did this change affect the companys reported profits in 1984? Also R&D expense in 1984 decreased by $7. 0 million over the previous year. Most of this reduction was a result of the companys agreement with Kobe Steel, Ltd. Under this agreement, Kobe agreed to reimburse Harnischfeger up to $17. 0 million dollars of RD expense over a period of three years plus the company was reduced in its size so there was no need to that big expenditures on RD. 8. Note 11, describes a number of changes in Harnischfegers pension plans in 1984. Describe these changes as clearly as you can. What are the economic consequences of these changes to Harnischfeger and its workers?The reduction in benefits and wedges were sig nificant from 1982 to 1984. In 1984 the pension expenses accounted for 1. 9 million, 1983 for 6. 5 million and 1982 for 12. 2 million The change in the return on investment assumption is for all US plans. The economic consequence is that there will be less expenditure made by these pension owners during the lifetime of their pension. The company established a new plan, which goal was an improvement in the stripped-down pension benefit. This constituted in a restructure of the Salaried Employees loneliness Plan. From one side that decision could help the company to rebuild the trust of customers and suppliers for continuing in business.From the other side, the workers would suffer a significant economic lost and could lose the motivation to work for the company. But there is a possibility that a positive view could emerge because they could appreciate the companys efforts to keep them working there, and then cooperate to take the company to the next level. 9. How did the pension pl an changes affect Harnischfegers financial statements in 1984? Are these changes likely to affect future profits? The effect of the changes in the investment return assumption rates for all U. S. plans, together with the 1984 restructuring of the U. S. Salaried Employees Plan, was to reduce pension expense by approximately $4. 0 million in 1984 and $2. million in 1983, and the actuarial present value of stash away plan benefits by approximately $60. 0 million in 1984. This may have an effect on future profits. The pension plan changes touched positively the statements in 1984. Less assets were available for benefits therefore, more income was reflected in the financial statements, which contributed to the cash to pay debt obligations. Furthermore, if reducing the debt, company could recover the banks and shareholders trust. 10. Summarize all the accounting changes Harnischfeger made in 1984, and their effects on pre-tax profits and cash flows in 1984. 1. Change in the recognition o f some types of sales. This resulted in a change in sales calculation.Harnischfeger incorporated products purchased from Kobe Steel, which were re-sold by the company, into its net sales. This increased aggregate sales and cost of sales by $28 million. The effect of the change in sales calculation was an increase in both aggregate sales and cost of sales by $28 million. Also, profit margin dropped from 1. 55% to 1. 44%, which represented a 7. 1% change in profit margin. 2. Change in the fiscal year for some foreign subsidiaries. By changing the fiscal year of foreign subsidiaries (ending period of September 30 instead of July 31), the effect was the protraction of the 1984 reporting period for the subsidiaries from 12 months to 14 months.This increased sales by $5. 4 million. 3. Change in the depreciation methods on assets. The depreciation policy for financial reporting purposes was changed to a straight-line method from a principally accelerated method. The effect of the change i n depreciation method (straight-line method) was a net income of $11 million realized in 1984. Overall, depreciation charges resulted in an increase of $3. 2 million in net income in 1984. 4. Change in the use LIFO liquidation in inventory valuation. The effect of LIFO inventory liquidation was an increase in 1984 net income by $2. 4 million, as gains. 5. Change in the allowance for doubtful accounts.The company familiarised its allowance for doubtful accounts to 6. 7% of sales for 1984 from 10% of sales in 1983. The effect of the change in the allowance for doubtful accounts was that it resulted in $2. 9 million in operating income for 1984. 6. Change in the R&D expenses. Harnischfeger significantly reduced its R&D expenses to $5. 1 million in 1984, from 412. 1 million in 1983. The effect of the change in R&D expenses was an increase in operating profit by $9. 1 million. 7. Change in employee pension plans. The effect of the change in pension plans was a reduction in pension expens es by $14 million and increase in net income by $3. 9 million, and a positive cash flow. 11.Accounting statements are used by investors, lenders, customers, employees, and governments in dealing with Harnischfeger. Among these groups, who is some likely to see through the above accounting changes, and who is least likely to do so? The least likely to see through the accounting changes are just normal people who dont know accounting concepts because some methods of reporting can overstate or play down the numbers without a sustainable change so investors, lenders, and governments should be the ones to most likely see through the change and based on what they see they make a decisions. Employees in accounting, finance, and upper management should be able to see through the changes. 12.Are the accounting changes likely to help or to hinder Harnischfegers ability to implement its business plan? Be as specific as possible. Even thought the changes indicate an optimistic move, it does n ot guarantee that the company is going to be able to implement its business plan. The changes made strongly justify companys boost in the periods analyzed. From my point of view, company reflects a positive result on management through its financial reports. Basically the mission to satisfy shareholders and business associate entities such as banks and suppliers was accomplished by showing the ability to strike financial problems through management based on the financial statements.However, the accounting practice can be a matter of numbers thingmabob and it can be altered just to show easy actions. 13. Overall, what is your sound judgment of Harnischfegers future as of 1984? The company is taking a seek by expecting that the one-time boost in income and cash in 1984 will enable the company to successfully expand internationally and grow in new high tech areas and become profitable once again. They wanted to make their financial statements look pretty so that investors would bu y their stocks and suppliers would continue giving credit for being able to produce product and sell. They need to barricado playing with accounting methods and hiding the true story otherwise they will be in danger to not survive in a long run.