Why Do Countries Trade with Each Other

Why do countries trade with each other? Show, using examples, why this may be to do with principle of comparative good. Introduction In 1776 Adam metalworker stated, If a foreign coun yield sight supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves cigarette make it, better buy it of them with some percentage of the produce of our admit constancy, employed in a way in which we watch some value. This sentence shows basic principle on which the valet de chambrely concern trade is based. Countries buy and sell goods abroad to achieve the best affirm up to(p) cost-effectiveness.Long-distance trade dates back to the ancient successions and today it is the heart of the world economy. It is a crucial promoter in economic breakth of each state. Source of prosperity and development in industrialized world. Statistic that toldy speaking, countries with blue per capita values of merchandise and import tend to have comparatively robust and prosperous societies. Internationa l trade is a necessity deriving from the potpourri of international community. Countries have different weather, indwelling resources, state, educational level of work string, infrastructure.All these function make cost of producing particular commodities different in each orbit. And that deflection causes international trade to be reasonable. In my essay Ill try to justify why countries trade with each other by pointing knocked out(p) and explaining particular aspects of foreign trade. Natural Resources and Factor of Endowment The more or less self-evident and palpable cause for international trade is a difference in location of natural resources and factor of endowment. Factor of endowment is amountoflabor,land, coinandentrepreneurshipthat could be exploited formanufacturingwithin a solid ground.Every ground is unique, therefore they have different economic potentials. Some countries naturally have more natural resources, higher population, grownupger territory than t he others. Uneven location of resources causes limited possibilities of output within countries. For example France has basically no anoint resources on its own yet it is the world 13th biggest consumer (CIA, 2010). That blottos that it has to import al intimately all it requires. They are importing it from countries that have oil surplus that they can exchange. commonwealth is also a crucial factor.More populated nations are more in all likelihood to produce huge surplus of commodities that they can subsequently sell. Like china which huge industry sector produce number of goods big liberal to sell all over the world. In order to cultivate the land, grow particular plants, practice animal husbandry very specific mode and soil fertility is needed. For instance citrus fruits can develop solitary(prenominal) in climates with a cool winter. Relatively some countries can necessitate to have weather like this, yet we can buy oranges and limes all over the world.These examples show that some countries do not have physiologic possibility to produce original goods and have to import them. This is especially discernible in industrialized western societies which historically have very big demand on tropical goods such as spices, fabrics, fruits etc. metier Heckscher-Ohlin theory indicates that countries specializes in the production of goods that it is adopted to produce. It directly derives from differences in factor of endowment I described before.Countries have different production efficacy some are rich in capital and poor in excavate power, others have a lot of battalion notwithstanding not much capital, some have a lot of raw materials, other have skilled man power. Principle of specialisation is closely related to the division of labour. Whole country adopts a role of producer of certain good when the others do the same with different goods. Of course it is just a simplification because some commodities like for instance cars are produced i n umpteen different countries. One country can be specialised in production of many different goods.But in general every country produce a certain range of products in high volume. That curb them the opportunity to invest as much capital and labour as it is possible to develop the production and conduct research. That helps achieving higher efficiency of production and exploit economy of scale. parsimony of scale is basically decreasing mediocre cost of production per unit by expanding scale of output. By specialization economy is capable to produce high surplus and sell it abroad afterwards. Since when costs of production decreases, supply increases.To visualize the point Ill break and theoretical example. Country A is very capital-abundant but is poor in labour and country B is poor in capital, but has a lot of labour force. Country A country can embodiment capital-intensive industries that give have great efficiency thanks to scale of the production. It will produce surplu s and then exchange it with country B which specialized itself in labour-intensive industries. By that means, production of both capital and labour intensive goods will be higher and of better quality. Great factual world example is Dutch agriculture.Holland is a medium populated country with only 61st place in the world in terms of population (CIA, 2012). Yet its agriculture which employs only 2% of the population provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and exports. After United states and France it is world third largest exporter of foodstuffs. That is thanks to huge investments in new technologies and mechanized agriculture. Comparative Advantage Both reasons for trading that I described in previous paragraphs boil down to one autocratic cause for world trade to occur, comparative advantage.Country has a comparative advantage when it has an ability to produce particular good at lower borderline and opportunity cost. Because of limited production capacity no c ountry is able to produce every needed product. To produce particular good or service, economy sometimes has to give up on producing others. That means that a country has to specialize on producing goods that is has comparative advantage on. For instance lets assume that Poland can produce both cars and grow carrots at relatively low cost but at the same time Ukraine can grow carrots with a bit higher cost than Poland, but cant produce cars.That means that Poland has absolute advantage on both goods but opportunity cost of producing a car in Poland is significantly higher than in Ukraine. By investing work force and capital in cultivation of carrots Poland misses an opportunity to produce more cars which can bring higher revenue to the polish economy. In that way Ukraine has a comparative advantage on production of carrots because Ukrainian economy do not lose opportunity to produce anything, by investing in carrot agricultural production. This example explains why it is sometime wo rthwhile for countries to export goods that they are capable of producing.This can lead everyone to producing only those goods that one can produce most efficiently. Good example of comparative advantage in contemporary world is the fact that on span of last few India became a major supplier of phone answering services for USA. notwithstanding though obviously Americans have better skill in incline language and are able to provide this service independently , relatively high skilled American labour force is needed in another efforts. Opportunity cost of having that service provided by Americans is to apparently to high. Thats why it is transferred to India. ConclusionConclusion that derives from previous points is that world trade is inevitable and necessary mean in contemporary world. Factor of Endowments paragraph clearly states that countries are endow with resources extremely unevenly. 81% of Petroleum reserves which is currently one of the most desired and needed commodities is localized in only 12 countries(OPEC,2011). Concerning that most of the world countries do not have oil resources big plentiful to satisfy domestic demand, they have to import it. This is not only oil supply problem, many goods are able to be produced, mined etc. only in certain areas.This is in my opinion the most visible and crucial reason why countries trade. Secondly over the years people understood that specialization and intensification of production can bring huge profit. Economy of scale make per unit production cheaper but involve bigger effort. Thats why it is easier to focus on big production of only some range of goods why importing others. And of course comparative advantage principle which in mathematical way, shows how by division of production surrounded by countries and a proper assessment of opportunity cost every country can trade with one another with profit.These three examples of reasons why do countries trade should explain concept of international trade c learly generous and show its benefits and inevitability in contemporary world. Bibliography Smith, A, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the wealthiness of Nations, (1776) Sokoloff, Engerman, History Lessons Institutions, Factors Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New orbit, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, usable from http//www. jstor. org/stable/2646928? seq=8 Accessed 29th October 2012McKenzie, Lionel, Specialization and Efficiency in World Production. , The Review of Economic Studies21 1 . Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (1776), p. 364. 2 . Business Dictionary, Factor of Endowment Definition. Available from http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/factor-endowment. html Accessed 28 October 2012 3 . The Economist, Economies of scale and scope. Available from http//www. economist. com/node/12446567 Accessed 29th October 2012