Evaluation of the Viability of the Sukuk

Evaluation of the Viability of the SukukThis proposal marks to evaluate the up-to- accompaniment status and the viability of the Moslem monetary Securities such as Sukuk as an preference of the formulaic monetary securities like Euro impound in the scope of the current monetary crisis. I go away discloseline the over roughly(prenominal) aims and objective of the look into and contend the various studies on harvest- clock time of Muslim pay and decline of courtly finance in the background of the fiscal crisis. This paper will confer an over wholly structure of the whole proposal.SIGNIFICANT FOR THE RESEARCHIn the pecuniary globular groceryplace, the Moslem financial run sector is tryd to be nightg familiarity at double digit rate(Bley Kuehn, 2005), involving over 200 financial institutions with assets estimated to outdistance US$ 200 billion(Al-Dhahiri et al, 2003). enquiryers (Hamwi Aylward, 1999) already has recognised that over the last decade, Moslem wedgeing and finance has experienced man(prenominal) growth rates of 10-15 percent per annum, and has been travel into an increasing number of courtly financial governances at such a rapid pace that Moslem financial institutions atomic number 18 present forthwith in over 51 countries (Sole, 2007 pp1).This look for is aimed at investigating the practicableness of the Muslim financial frame as an alternative to the handed-down financial formation especially in the context of the recent financial crisis.The unwavering growth of Moslem banking and finance raises different important questions Is the mystifyment in Islamic banking and finance a result of the relative advantages of the Islamic banking design or is it heavy(a)ly attributable to the world long Islamic recovery since the posthumous 1960s (Chong Liu, 2007). The fact that Islamic laws forbid paying and receiving provoke agitate all parties in a financial exercise to shargon the s make out and clams or disadvantage of the project (Qorchi, 2005). In an Islamic ignore the output and the quality of the project, ensures a more than equitable distribution of wealthiness (Qorchi, 2005).AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe overall aim of this look is to brushup and evaluate signifi freightert growth of Islamic finance and financial securities as an alternative of the handed-downistic financial constitution and financial securities which led to the current financial crisis. The objectives of the research squeeze out be further place as(1). the recognition of the canonic concepts of stuffy and Islamic financial dodge.(2). How did studies deal with financial crisis and its movement on the traditional and Islamic banking brass.(3). what atomic number 18 the effects of current financial crisis on traditional bond market?(4). How does the Islamic Finance response to the crisis?(5). Is Islamic Securities Sukuk executable?(6). If Islamic Sukuk is feasible thusly stop it replace t he traditional Eurobonds?(7). If it is not feasible then lot it co-exist with the traditional Eurobonds?Overview stately Financial systemEveryone has to contact with the financial system and everyone is very good aw ar of the financial institution like banks, building securities, and insurance companies, each providing in its own stylus for every day needs, such as salary facilities with banks, convenient nest egg and access to home loans from building societies, and car, ho recitation, or lifetime insurance. The other financial markets, like the Stock exchange where the securities atomic number 18 bought and sold, argon an important market though very few ar instanter concerned with their activities (Van Harne, 1990). All these financial institutions and markets fit to scoreher into a intercommunicate which comprises the financial system or courtly financial system (Brian, 1992).The courtly financial system based on debt and the fit(p) rate of gratify. The borrower in gaining the high fixed bears may get default as these bonds and bodied securities be not backed by the assets or gold. The burden and all risk ar transferred on the retirer. Therefore in try to get high returns and greed of getting more financial share the conventional borrower and mortgage prices went up which result in the drying up the financial market and major companies got default.Islamic Financial SystemThe Islamic financial system makes possible lending, borrowing and investment functions on a risk-sharing arse (Ishaq Mansoor, 2008).Islamic finance is fundamentally different from the conventional finance model as it is based on a profit and loss structure (PLS), which requires that a financial institution invest with a client in orderliness to finance their needs, rather than lending money to the client. Because of the inherent risk baffling in an investment, the financial institution is entitled to profit from the financial transaction (IBID). (SBP, 2007). Isl amic banking and finance industry has been make breakthrough developments to become a truly feasible and competitive alternative to conventional systems at the global level as an industry adding more good, competitive, flexible and diversified tools and systems to global financial markets (Ishaq Mansoor, 2008 pp 708).The need for Islamic banking is prompted by trine considerations(a). An Islamic investor should celebrate away from alliance with industries forbidden to Muslims such as alcohol, gambling, pornography, meat wadding (of pork), weapons production, and liquor.(b). An Islamic enterprise is advised to avoid take (riba), as well as gambling, and, accordingly, constraints exist on transactions involved in debt securities and in futures and options.(c). M whatever Muslim investors tend to be attracted to enterprises monitoring the Islamic ethical and moral standards (OSullivan, 1996).The Islamic finance industry has grown by most 15 percent on average over the last thre e years, with more than US$500 billion now lodged in Islamic banks, mutual specie, insurance schemes (takaful), and Islamic branches of conventional banks (Jobst, Kunzel, Mills, Sy, 2008). Islamic Law prohibits charging interest (Rajesh, K.A Yousaf, T., 2000).Islamic banking is currently practiced in more than 51 countries worldwide. In countries such as, Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan, unaccompanied Islamic banking is practiced whereas other countries, such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan and Malaysia, Islamic banking co-exists with conventional banking (Chong Liu, 2007).Therefore Islamic banking, is not limited to Islamic countries as In August 2004, the Islamic Bank of Britain became the first bank licensed by a non-Muslim country to engage in Islamic banking (Chong Liu, 2007).SUKUKIslamic securities shit become increasingly popular in over the last five years, both as a means of reproduction governing finance through sovereign issues, and as a way of companies obtain ing funding through the offer of corporate Sukuk (Wilson, R., 2008) as Sukuk is to be use as a tool for quietity management (Wilson. R., 2008), the Sukuk market continues to stick strong interest by new issuers in Muslim and non-Muslim countries.Sukuk (plural of Sakk) are commonly referred to as an Islamic bond, but a more skillful translation of the Arabic word would be an Islamic investment security measures(Thomas, 2005).The Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) defines the Investment Sukuk as a certificates of equal measure out representing undivided shares in ownership of tangible assets, usufructs and services or (in the ownership of) the assets of picky projects or special investment drill(Norman, T.,2009).Sukuk is an Islamic financial certificate, similar to a bond in occidental finance that complies with Sharia, Islamic phantasmal law. As the traditional Western interest paying bond structure is not permissible, the issue r of a Sukuk sells an investor group the certificate, who then rents it back to the issuer for a predetermined rental fee. The issuer in addition makes a contractual promise to buy back the bonds at a future date at par value (investropedia, 2009).Sukuk are monetised real assets (converting a government debt into available currency, especially issuing securities, that are liquid (easy to convert into cash), advantageously transferred and traded in the financial market (Adam, 2006).Likewise the Eurobonds are also liquid assets which are marketable and accept by all the investors (www.in helpless.co.uk, 2005). Eurobonds are issued by a government, company shows strength to repay borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest at a specific time. Eurobonds are liquid and trusted bonds as it is backed by a fixed interest rate (ibid).Sukuk can be examined without any difficulty by international and regional rating agencies which facilitate their marketability (Adam, 2006).Likewise the Eu robonds are good rated by the rating agency as these rating agencies rate these securities on the basis of the fluidity and the liabilities not on the basis of the religion and ethical motive (Standard Poors, 2009). As the agencies do not rate the securities on the basis of the religion, rather securities are rated on the basis of the quality and the ability of obligator to find out the obligations (ibid).Same like the similarities in the Islamic and conventional financial securities, at that place are few differences as well, and on the basis of that one system can be preferred on the other system. Starting from the type, the conventional financial Security is a debenture bond whereas the Sukuk are the Secured securities. debenture bond bonds are those securities that is unsecured corporate bond by any mortgage, dependent on the consultation of the issuer (Dictionary Reference.com, 2009).Whereas the Sukuk are backed by the real assets such as they are attached with the assets which can be turned into tradable in the future or can be replaced by the real assets (Richardson Abdl-Khaleq, 2007). Eurobonds are paper bonds whereas the Sukuk securities are really assets based security which have potential to convert the security into tradable asset in future.Secondly, the major difference in Sukuk and conventional bond is the right of ownership. As Sukuk represent the ownership probability in existing or well described assets whereas conventional bond represent pure debt on the issuer (Adam, 2006).LITRATURE REVIEWThe relative success of the Islamic finance is remarkable (Bley Kuehn, 2005)as islamic finance institution are making progress with the grwoth rate of 15-18% which is double the average growth rate of conventional finacial institutions (Saifi, 2004). We will discuss A review of the litrature on traditional financial system (TFS)and Islamic financial system( IFS) and the security markets. That is devided into sections as will be reviewing the litratu re on the decline of the popularity of the TFS and the growth of the IFS over the last two decades. The litrature review basically discuss information of three area on which research will be carried (a) traditional banking system and its downfall, (b) islamic financial system and its growth, and (c) the empirical investigation of the feasibility of islamic financial securities to alternate the traditional finacial bonds to raise funds for the projects.BACKGROUND FOR STUDYThe current collapse of banking and financial institutions raised a question as interest rate has considerable been recognized not only by classical and neo-classical economists but also by contemporary economists as one of the factors that determine the level of savings in the frugality. Although there are shells of inconsistent findings, it is a full generally accepted opinion that interest rate has a positive relationship with savings (Ahmad Haron, 1999). Generally, financial institutions perform two functio ns one is to collect deposits and the other is to issue loans (Toutounchian, 1996).Depositors are guaranteed a predetermined return on the nominal value of the deposit by the bank even in most of the cases the deposits are insured (ibid). Hence it can be argued that the traditional financial system plays a passive role in the economy, is operating to face any economic fluctuations (ibid). It is argued that in these banks since the nominal value of the deposits is guaranteedshocks that can lead to banking crisis can cause divergence between real assets and real liabilities and it is not outdoors how this equilibrium would be corrected and how long the process of adjustment would take (Mohsin, 1985). This is the real essence of fund intermediary function of a traditional finance (Toutounchian, 1996).Islamic finance can simply be delimitate that it is based on the basic principle of the ban of the riba as Islamic institutions does not charge interest but rather participates in the r egaining resulting from the use of the funds( Lewis Algaoud, 2001).Ebrahim Safadi ( 1995) advocates that islamic finance operations are according to the profit and loss sharing principle which are superior financial security to debt for many reasons including risk sharing of the equities (Hamwi Aylward, 1999.Liu Chong(2007) are of the view that the islamic finance is not different from the conventional finance as the unique property Profit and Loss sharing (PLS) practically is very similar to the TFS as islamic financial products based on the PLS are not interest free beacuse pegged to conventional deposits(ibid).On the other hand the basic tower of the conventional financial system is interest rate and fixed income securities have been accepted globally in raising finance for funding large development and capital expenditures (Usmani, 2006). A fixed income security is an investment which provides a return in the form of fixed periodic payments and ultimate returns of head at m aturity (Usmani, 2006).The motivations of firms that issue global bonds is particularly to test whether firms are motivated to offer bonds in multi-markets to raise more capital, take public assistance of being well-known in foreign markets and owing to poor domestic help economic conditions (Tawatnuntachai Yaman, 2008).The bond market robustness converts into depression when financial crisis which started in 2007 has created the greatest financial dislocation since the Great Depression of the 1930s (Melvin Taylor, 2009). The Eurobond which are based on fix interest rate and guaranteed of fixed return failed to impress the investors in an auction (Kaminska, 2009).In addition, the loans rate set in the fixed income market will have large effect on the demand for properties, and thereby prices, one would strongly believe that securitised property prices are determined by the interest rate changes rather than the stock market (Cheong, Wilson, Zurbruegg, 2009). Financial markets ar e intergrated now a days and no virtuoso economy can avoid the effect of the financial crisis (Chapra, 2007). If the financial system is not responsible for the crisies then why there is a general nervous feeling that something is wrong with the financial system (Stiglitz, 2003, p 54On the other hand, the Islamic finance manages the affair without involving the pre-agreed interest payment and receipts that replace the interest-based intermediation between the borrower and the lender with profit and loss sharing and equity based link (Bhatti Khan, 2009).CURRENT FINANCIAL CRISISThe credit crunch refers to a sudden shortage of funds for lending, leading to a resulting decline in loans available (Blog, 2008). A Credit Crunch can occur for various reasons such as sudden increase in interest rate, direct money controls by the governments and a drying up of funds in the capital market (Blog, 2008).The crisis started in 2008 in US authoritative mortgage market and widely spread all over the world which raised a question that why this has system collapsed which leads the splillover effects from US sub- prime crisis to UK by far the most transparent and worrying for the regime that exposed the tension between the central banks with respect to the provision of liquidity support facilities, the difficulties inherent in the economy for dealing with the banking crisis, defects in banking economy regulation and supervision and the glaring flaws in deposit protection arrangements (Maximilian, 2008).Islamic Finance Response to CrisisPrinciples of Islamic FinanceThe first principle has an effect on the depositors behaviour and their decision-making process. The weft of action is based not only on the immediate financial returns but also on those returns in the hereafter. Since Islamic banks operate on an interest-free basis and their establishment is designed to better Muslim communities.In the case of the second principle that involves wealth, Islam has given a clear guid eline to be followed by Muslims.The essence of Islamic finance summarised by the Charles Fvre, 2006 is as followingInterest rate, taking or receiving on transactions is prohibited.Capital must have a neighborly and ethical subroutine further than pure, unfettered returnInvestments in those businesses which are dealing with alcohol, gambling, drugs or anything else that the Shariah considers unlawful and unwanted, are prohibited.Transactions involving masir (speculation or gambling) gharar, or un accreditedty about the subject-matter and terms of contracts are forbidden which holds a prohibition on selling something that one does not own.As the interest-earning on investments are restricted, Islamic banks obtain their earnings through profit-sharing investments or fee-based returns (Charles Fvre, 2006). traditionally an Islamic bank offers two kinds of services firstly it provides services for those on a fee or a fixed charge, such as safe deposits, fund transfer, trade financin g, property sales and purchases or handling investments (IBID). Secondly those that involves joint ventures in investments and the sharing of profits and losses (Charles Fvre, 2006).REASEARCH METHODOLOGYMethodology is a set of tools, techniques, procedures and investigative methods, used to collect, store, analyse and present information. Scientific methodology involves the development of hypotheses and predictions, investigating the manipulation of particular variables while maintaining all other variables constant, using measurable, objective measures and statistical analyses in order to come to conclusions about the topic under investigation (inspiritive.com, 2009). question can be defined as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge? (Saunders et al, 2003). Research methods are the means by which knowledge is acquired and constructed at heart a discipline. It needs to be both relevant and plastered i n order to be accepted as legitimate within a particular field of knowledge (Harvey Myers, 1995).whereas Leedy Research methodology can be explained as the process carried out to achieve the overall aim and objectives of the research (Saunders et al, 2003).What does Research Methodology Include?The research methodology involves uncomplicated selective information and alternative information. The primary information serene are more consistent with our research questions and research objectives. With the help of primary data the reasons stinker consumer behaviour, management decisions or problems faces in internationalisation efforts can be identified (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2005). According to Hussey and Hussey, (1997, pg.149) original data is known as primary data, which is data collected at source. Primary research provides information and data which doesnt already exist. Some of the methods of primary data collection include Focus groups, Interviews, Observation and Questionnair es (Saunders et al, 2003). According to Saunders et al., (2007, pg.272) data that have already been collected for some other purpose, perhaps processed and subsequently stored, are termed petty(a) data?. Data can be collected internally or externally from the available materials for literature. These materials come from books, journals, articles, research papers, conference proceedings, newspapers, theses and internet sources. It includes both vicenary and qualitative data and they can be used in both descriptive and explanatory research. Within business and management research such data are used mostly in case study and survey-type research (Saunders et al, 2003).Research MethodsGenerally available methodological options for Research are two qualitative research and quantitative research (Ticehurst Veal, 2000). soft ResearchThe purpose of qualitative research is to describe a certain process or problem, to interpret a particular problem and to develop new theoretical concepts an d perspectives, to verify the validity of certain problem, and to evaluate the effectualness of the chosen particular problem (Leedy, 2005). The qualitative abstract based on meaning expressed through words, symbols, interpretations, actions and behaviour (Thornhill et al, 2003).Quantitative researchGenerally, quantitative research is used to answer the question about relationships among measured variables with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomenon ( Leedy Ormord, 2005). Whereas, Thornhill et al, (2003) stated that in quantitative epitome, the data is based on meanings from numbers. The collection results in numerical and standardised data and the analysis are conducted through the use of diagrams and statistics (Thornhill et al, 2003).The aim of the project can be viewed as qualitative, explanatory, and comparative. To fulfil these aims, the study intends to use the qualitative comparative research outline (Bryman Bell, 2003). As Leedy Ormrod (200 5) noted that qualitative detectives commonly use triangulation for the validation of the research. comparative AnalysisGiven the options, qualitative research will be carried out where the literature to be reviewed will be mainly secondary data. The results obtained from the data can be validated by using the above mentioned strategies and comparative analysis which is suggested by Leedy Ormrod (2005) to fulfil the requirements of research. As the Max Weber (1968) also develop approach for social and economical analysis based on comparative method to identify that the research worker plays primary role in outlining research questions, categorizing elements of analysis, and the topics for comparison rather than assuming an objective separation of the researcher and data, as he is of the view that this kind of approach does not turn off researchers conceptualization of the under research phenomenon and phenomenon itself. Comparative analysis facilitates researcher to investigate the problem from a recognized starting fate and the investigate other aspects of the object during analysis (Weber, M., 1968 cited in Google, 2009)Data Collections and MethodsIn order to achieve the aims and objectives of the research a series of the reviews will be conducted on available literature on Islamic Finance and Conventional finance, particularly the Islamic securities. Islamic source of finance, Al- Quran, Sunnaah, Shariaa Laws, and Hadiths books have been taken into account to get information about the Islamic financial principles, and the regulations which are applicable to the finance.This research is based on secondary data which is collected by using research techniques, procedures and instruments such as1. Journals2. Books3. Librarys web based services such as ABI/Inform, Proquest system, Jstor, Emerald.4. Newspapers5. Internet and internet articleAs qualitative comparative analysis will allow the researcher to outline the research objectives and categorizing the e lements of the analysis and the choice of selection of the topic to analyse. The comparative analysis will helpful passim the research to investigate the selected topic from a recognised point and researcher will be able to investigate the other aspect of the analysis.The methodology will be persuaded towards an approach in order to analyse tax views on the Islamic financial system and Islamic securities in fact as an alternative to the traditional financial system in the context of current financial crisis by presenting and discussing with supervisor as to how he serve the future of Islamic and traditional banking following the direction in which it is undertaken.LIMITATIONSThis research may have few limitations The main concern is the collection of basic qualitative data from reliable sources mainly from university web based sources and Google student search materials the challenge will be the identification of the reliable sources as often there will be situation where the r esults can take leave from source to source. Sorting the reliable data from since the resources have vast options and all of them might not be having the same facts and figures which will be may required more time than expected in research process.another(prenominal) limitation that may occur and cause the research to be change and summed up sooner is for the research to miss out on some useful information which would be useful if taken under consideration. As for the vastness of the topic it is a concern that could be distracting as religious validities can be possible but main focus will be managed throughout the research.This research is a qualitative comparative analysis which is depending on the secondary data that may lead research to be limited as collection of data is generally more time consuming and the time is limited and it is not possible to studied wide range of literature which can make difficult to make a systematic conclusion.Drawn ConclusionComparison of the both system (Islamic Financial System and Conventional Financial System, major will be the Islamic financial securities and conventional bonds) will formed the ground for the conclusion depending on the information gathered from research.

Effect of Alcohol Dependency on Spouse

Effect of alcohol Dependency on Spousepsychiatric illnesses argon increasingly known to be common in the recent decades and affects oer 25% of people at some point in a adults at any point in time, and at to the lowest degree one affected individual living in one every(prenominal) four families(1).Alcohol dependence syndrome is the maladaptive patters of alcohol intake with whollyowance craving, loss of control, and withdrawal symptoms (3).Bipolar affective pain is episodic in nature with manic or hypomanic or depressive or mixed symptoms occur. Patients divulge fluctuating sourness of any of these symptoms interspersed with a symptom free (euthymics 2) or subsyndromal periods.Cwvently the prevalence of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is around 0.4-0.5%with an 1 family prevalence of 0.5to 1.4% and a carriage-time prevalence of about 2.6 to 7.8% (4).The life-time prevalence of bipolar disorder is about 20.8 per 1000 population in India (6 ) and that of alcohol use ranges from 1.15% to upto 50% in general (8, 9).Burden Definition (10) PlattStigmatization, chronic emotional and economic magnetic core from caring are endured by the families of individuals with psychiatric illness. The illness encroachmention on the primary caregivers leisure time activities cast and social relationships. These deficits evoke different chemical reactions infifferent or expressed emotional reaction towards the patients, and a sense of insufficiency and help littleness in themselves, all of which impact on the progression and prognosis of the patients illness (1). requireTo compare the family effect, the quality of life and psychiatric morbidity between female spouses of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with bipolar affective disorderOBJECTIVESTo find the family buck and quality of life in female spouses of patients with alcohol dependence, schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorderTo evaluate the prevalence o f psychiatric morbidity in female spouses of patients of these three aggroupsTo study the association between symptom clumsiness in patients, perceived apathy, world-shattering life events and family weight down, and the quality of life and psychiatric morbidity in female spouses in these groupsTo compare psychiatric morbidity, family effect of care and quality of life in female spouses between all patient groups.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe sample is drawn from male patients with female spouses attending the outpatient psychiatry department at this hospital.DesignCross partal, comparative study, including 64 patients with alcohol dependence, 64 patients with schizophrenia, and 64 patients with bipolar affective disorder, and their female spouses.With consecutive sampling from Outpatient department, a total of 192 patients with their spouses are taken up for the study.Duration and period of Study- 4 monthsInclusion criteriamale patients with equal to or more than than 10 grade d uration of alcohol dependence or schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, satisfying the criteria for the corresponding DSM IV-TR diagnosespatients with onset of psychiatric symptoms/disorder aft(prenominal) marriagefemale spouses who provide care for the patientsparticipa nts should be not less than 60 years of ageparticipants to be willing to provide sure consent for the interview and discernmentpatients willing to allow spouse to be assessedExclusion criteriathose who did not give their consentrefusal to allow spouse to be evaluatedpatients and/or their spouses with any chronic general medical illnessspouses with a history of substance abuse, suicide or previous history of psychiatric symptoms and interventionspouses with a family history of psychiatric illnessspouses associate to the patients by consanguinityInstruments used A semistructured profoma to collect the sociodemographic details, family history details and a semistructured clinical profileInternational Classifi cation of Diseases ICD-10Shortform Alcohol dependance entropy Questionnaire SADDQClinical Global Impressions CGI-BP bipolar andCGI-SCH schizophrenia, severeness dental platesPresumptive stressful life events baptistry PSLESApathy inventory caregiver versionBurden sagaciousness Scale BASCaregiver Reaction Assessment -Selfesteem, High life-esteem -positive caregiving, Burnout -Negative Caregiving subscales CRASH-BOUNCE chronicleWHO fiber Of Life WHOQOL BREF-1General Health Questionnaire command post-12MINI plus 5.0.0 v miniskirt International Neuropsychiatric Interview plusBeck Depression Inventory BDI infirmary Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety HADS-ACGI-BPBipolar disorder is a cyclic and polymorphic distemper. Patients whitethorn show manic, hipomanic, depressive or mixed symptoms, and they may be in partial or complete remission. For this reason, the assessment of the course, severity and takings of the disorder is very complex. Most of the available psychometric t ools pass water been designed for the assessment of acute episodes of specific polarity.The CGI-BP-M, a user-friendly scale for the assessment of manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed symptoms, and long-term outcome of bipolar disorder, is a useful tool for the assessment of the efficacy of several treatments.CGI-SAmongst the nigh widely used of extant brief assessmenttools in psychiatry, the CGI is a 3-item observer-ratedscale that measures illness severity (CGIS), global receipts or change (CGIC) and healing(predicate) response.The illness severity and improvement sections of theinstrument are used more frequently than the therapeuticresponse section in both clinical and research settings.Amongst the most widely used of extant brief assessmenttools in psychiatry, the CGI is a 3-item observer-ratedscale that measures illness severity (CGIS), globalimprovement or change (CGIC) and therapeutic response.The illness severity and improvement sections of theinstrument are used more f requently than the therapeuticresponse section in both clinical and research settings.Burden Assessment entry (BAS) (104) ANNEXURE IVIt is an instrument to assess burden on caregivers of chronic mentally ill. It was substantial to assess subjective burden in Indian population, as many a(prenominal) of the burden assessment instruments developed in the west were not culturally suited to Indian population.This schedule has 40 items and 9 domains. The different domains are Spouse related, Physical and mental health, External support, Caregivers routine, Support of patient, Taking responsibility, former(a) relations, Patients, Patients behaviour and Caregivers strategy.Each of these 40 items was rated on a 3-point scale tag 1-3. The responses were not at all, to some extent and very much. Depending on the questions were framed, the responses and the score for each of those responses would vary.In this study the schedule was modified by written text 40- items into the above 9 domain s. Total score of each domain was metrical separately and at the end the total burden was calculated. This was done to lay down the domain score apart from the total score. In the spouse was replaced with every son, daughter, brother, sister, mother or father, depending of the patient to the caregiver. In the items 2 and 4, the word internal and marital was replaced by family as and when needed.The minimum total score of burden in BAS is 40 and the maximum score in 120. In this the severity of burden was categorized into 4 groups, in the following way,40-60 Minimum burden61-80 Moderate burden81-100 Severe burden101-120 Very severs burden mannerConsecutive patients attending the Psychiatry OPDs of hospitals attached to J.J.M. Medical College, diagnosed as BPAD and Alcohol dependence according to DSM IV criteria who met the inclusion criteria and did not get excluded were include in the study.Written informed consent was taken from the patients or from the caregivers depending on t heir ability to give consent, following an explanation about the nature and the pattern of the study in the language in which the patient could understand. Sociodemographic details were save on the self designed proforma.The primary family care-giver was one who met at least three of the following criteria (108).Is a spouse, parent or spouse equivalent.Has the most frequent contact with the patient.Helps to support the patients financially.Has most frequently been collateral in the patients treatment.Is contacted by treatment staff in case of emergency.Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) was administered to assess the burden on caregivers of BPAD group and ADS group. Severity of alcohol dependence was assessed using Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) Questionnaire.GHQValidityDiscriminative validityThere was a non-significant trend in GHQ Total gain ground and Depression subscales gain to be higher for carers using Admiral Nurse (AN) teams vs. carers who did not(Woods et al., 2003). O n follow-up, a significant difference was set in motion on the Anxietyand Insomnia subscale, where outcome was better for the AN group. Another studyshowed that carers of dementia patients showed higher levels of distress as measuredby GHQ than carers for patients with depression (Rosenvinge et al., 1998).Furthermore, significant differences in GHQ scores have been be between carersof people with anorexia and psychosis (Treasure et al., 2001). GHQ scores have alsobeen found to differ in carers of people with a head injury according to different timeintervals post-injury. The GHQ scores were higher for carers of people with a recenthead injury, which indicates greater burden in this group ( drum sander et al., 1997).Predictive validityCoping style has been found to contri bute significantly to GHQ score variance, withemotion-focused coping being related to GHQ scores in a study by Sander et al.,(1997). Furthermore, coping accounted for more of the GHQ variance than disabilityscore s.Socio-demographic variablesGender has been found to have a significant effect on GHQ scores, but neither racenor relationship to the injured person had a significant effect (Sander et al., 1997).Dimension-specific variablesStrong positive correlations were found between the GHQ and the Relatives tenorScale (Draper et al., 1992).ResponsivenessThe GHQ-28 has been shown to be responsive to change in a study using cognitivebehavioural therapy in carers of Parkinsons disease patients. Both the Total score andthe scores for 3 of the sub-scales decreased in response to the intervention (Secker andBrown 2005). Both conventional and AN services take to lower GHQ scores overalland 2 of the 4 subscales over an 8-month period (Woods et al., 2003).

A Report On Race And Ethnicity Sociology Essay

A Report On Race And Ethnicity Sociology EssayRacism and Ethnicity argon two well known subjects in the academic homo. Although non a popular choice of study Racism and Ethnicity can be represent in Multi heathenish education, Sociology, Economics, to name just a few. Although used in the same way, Racism and Ethnicity ar very disparate. The purpose of this essay is to touch on and provide examples of racialism, institutional racism, and man-to-man racism. I will also localize on the impacts that these forms of racism have on those who ar on the receiving subvert of racism.The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines racism in two meanings One, the belief that at that place are characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to each race and two, discrimination against or antagonism towards early(a) races. Ethnicity on the otherwise hand has three meanings One, relating to a root of bulk having a common national or cultural tradition two, referring to origin by birth than by present nationality cultural Albanians 3. relating to a non-Western cultural tradition ethnic music. (Oxford Dictionary rev 2009). The rallying cry race has been around for several hundreds of years. At first it was used to show an extended family through the generations, then as times passed it referred to large meetings of mountain that were not family yet shared the same cultural practices and traditions, values and demographic location. When the Europeans made contact with mess outside their homeland (America, Asia and Oceania) they would put people into categories that would show differences between their culture and those who were new to them. These categories according to Pearson were what Banton (a writer on Evolution) called Selectionist theories of evolution. (Pearson1990). Banton argued that a persons personal appearance (phenotype) and/or inbuilt hereditary makeup (genotype) explained human thought and action (Pearson 1990) and it was then acceptable for peopl e to define people on a scale of attributes, from inferior to superior, from rude to superior (Pearson 1990) all of which has made some a scientist question the world and how it is breaking up people into distinct races. In the eighteenth and ordinal centuries a hierarchy was formed where those who were black (dark skinned) would be at the foot and those who were white (fair skinned) wee at the top. Those who had dark skin were considered little better or uneducated, simple people who were best suited to jobs that involved physical and manual labour. A white person, notably a white virile middle class male, had intelligence, held down a job in managerial role and was financially far better of than those of dark skin. This was known as racial essence, to determine the abilities of a person or a sort out (Study Guide Unit 6). By the mid twentieth century, the study of genetics was becoming a turning point in humanity. Rather than guidance on a persons skin coloring, it bec ame more acceptable that having good entrance money to food, education, clean water, and healthcare contributed to the development in human beings. Pearson (1990), argued ethnicity is what people do (Study Guide Unit 6) and demonstrated this by quoting a set of definitions by Anthony Smith with reference to ethnic communities. Ethnic communities have a corporal name a common myth of decent a distinctive shared culture an association with a specific territory and a sense of solidarityThis is outlined in Pearsons article as an ethnic familiarity as a named human population with shared ancestry, myths, histories, and cultures having an association with a specific terroritory and a sense of solidarity (Pearson 1990). Institutional racism focuses on a free radical of people who are often more dominant than other groups and choose to criticise another group for being like consequence class citizens in crabby radically inferior (Pearson1990) that allow a more dominant group to dictate to the less off group where they live, what language they speak, what school they attend, what job they acquire, how they are treated by the jurisprudence and the courts, how they are portrayed by the media, and what form of political and legal way they have to recourse to (Pearson 1990). Thus, those who are part of the more dominant group can dictate how the less dominant group can be used and have the racist beliefs and actions placed upon them. An example of instutional racism is undischarged where there are often two or more different ethnicities. In South Africa for example, judicial rules and regulations discriminating against black persons are a clear case point (Pearson 1990). In New Zealand however, there is no such thing as discriminatory legislation and policies and practices are commonly unintentional than discriminating towards one another. Individual racism on the other hand is more personal and is targeted at individuals rather than a group of people. Also known as personal racism, Brislin identifies four types of individual racism 1. Intense racism the belief that certain people are inferior, and and then are perceived as being of low worth. 2. Symbolic racism- preponderating groups feel the the out group is interfering with important aspects of the culture- creating problems. 3. Tokenism- Dominant groups attempt that they have engaged in token activities to prove that they have evening handed the treatment of other races. 4. Arms length- People engaging in friendly positive behaviours towards out group members in some mixer settings but treat them the same out group members with noticeably less warmth and friendliness in other settings.Brislin(2000).Kenan Malik argued that individual racism imprisons those who are subjected to it while strengthening Western cultures. Orientalism, which Malik quotes is a dualism between the east and the westward and the Orient and has helped to define other which people can see is different a nd excluded in race relationships.In summary I have defined and provide some examples of racism and ethnicity and outlined the concepts of institutional racism and individual racism. By focussing on these examples we can be sure that racism affects people either as a nation or are subjects of individual attacks. By being aware of these prejudices, it is important to understand that we should not feel more superior to one another just because of the colour of someone elses skin. Racism is in many parts of the world and although it appears for many reasons, it should be addressed so not to damage a particular culture or a persons identity.

Is Modern Britain An Unequal Society?

Is Modern Britain An Unequal Society?Britain is often identifyd as an unequal night club however the accuracy of this statement is regularly debated because the line inequality is very(prenominal) vague as individuals often lose opponent slangs when searching for the meaning. Due to the ambiguity of the word unequal I am going to be approaching the question is modern Britain an unequal society from a sociological perspective in order to best describe and explain tender inequalities in Britain. The term amicable inequality from a sociological point of view means a lack of paleness between distinct groups of good deal living in society. Through this rendering we atomic number 18 able to identify three briny categories, in which societal inequalities argon shared out, this occurs through gender, curriculum and extend which will be luxuriouslylighted throughout my es interpret. The main focus of my essay would be based on the red ink and Feminist views as they set the foundations to best describe and explain mixer inequalities. However, in that location atomic number 18 other sociologists whom similarly study this topic thusly I will be examining their views very briefly.Another form of social inequality that occurs in Britain is illuminate inequalities it is difficult to define this because in contemporary society physique is fragmented. However, in order to fully get a line socio-economic fellowship inequalities the notion must be operationalised. There argon various sociologists such(prenominal) as Carl Marx who define class inequalities as a group of people who stand in a common relationship to the means of production. Although class is often perceived as a dynamic, fluid, always changing, in Britain on that point is simmer down a get to class structure in which class is divided. This class structure is often compared to a pyramid which consists of three levels these are the pep pill class, middle class and working class, this arrangement is known as social stratification, whereby each level of the formation has distinguishing features in terms of skills, attitude and income. The upper class consist of a small proportion of members of Britains reality these groups of people tend to cod ascribed attitude such as the kingly family. However members of the upper class with achieved social status are professionals with high status jobs such as property owners and employers. The middle class are employed in profession, managerial and administrative jobs for example lawyers, these groups of people are often described to have an intermediate class situation. The working class consists of the highest proportions of people in Britains population, the working class members are found at the bottom of the hierarchy, they have the low status jobs which include a entangled division of labour. People from the working class groups tend to consist of inexperient workers who participate in manual labour. Although th ere are the three main layers in Britains class structure is divided the idea of the underprivileged also needed to be highlighted. This concept is developed by Charles Murray and is often apply to describe a segment of the population located at the very bottom of the class structure in which they are marginalised from the rest society. Members of the underclass have very low living standard, they are thought to be relatively deprived so explaining why they have the highest rates of baby mortality. The majority of members in the underclass are unemployed and relay on the welfare state, as a result of this dependency the idea of the nanny state was developed. In correspondence to the idea of the nanny state these late trends show that the top 10% earners get 27.3% of all earning whilst bottom 10% get 2.6%. This trend highlights that there is an unequal distribution of wealth as income is an importpismire mechanism which measures a persons wealth, this wherefore shows that socia l inequalities takes place in contemporary Britain. Marxist sociologist uses these figures to then develop their idea kick upstairs. They argue that Britain is a jacketist society, whereby the bourgeoisies exploit the working class in order to avail themselves. The process of industrialisation caused capitalism to develop further because Britain has moved from a manual intensive form labour to a more capital intensive labour as a result of this development British is often refer to this as industrial capitalism. There is also a clear relationship between class inequalities and teaching. For example the educational trunk in Britain has been changed on several occasions in order to balk inequalities between incompatible social groups i.e. the increase in government intake in education allows people from deprived punctuates to complete higher education for free therefore creating more employment opportunities for them. However, despite these changes class inequalities free ex ists in the educational system, for example the curriculum is said to have vague engenders in which favours the ruling class. The reason for this is because the curriculum is made by the upper class therefore favouring upper class pupils for example English exams requires pupils exploitation the elaborated code which is a form of speech which the upper class use therefore giving them a competitive advantage as the working class use the restricted code, this view is also reinforce by sociologist Bernstein. Another common feature of the working class background is material deprivation as a result of this they are at a drawback in comparison to upper class pupils as they are unable to purchase resources such as extra text books to further increase their knowledge. There are also other studys such as housing and health that put the ruling class at an academician advantage.Another area in which social inequalities arises is through racial segregation. festinate was traditionally ref erred to as fixed biological differences however over the old age this definition has been criticised. As a result of this contemporary sociologist defined race as a social construct based on the observe physical and cultural characteristics of an individual. Race is a term closely link to ethnicity as ethnic groups are defined by their sense of share-out distinct culture. Ethnic minorities are also said to experiences inequalities, however delinquent to the difficulty in separating the two terms I will be explain how racial and ethnic inequalities should be best described ant see if it still exists in contemporary Britain. There is a cosmopolitan idea that there is a racial division between wispy and white in Britain, it is argued that ethnic minorities have a minority status in society and are often perceived as secant class citizens. However, in certain areas of Britain this type of social inequalities has been prevented because of legislations such as equal opportunities acts which protect ethnic minorities from being discriminated against giving them the same opportunities as the dominating groups. Despite the implementation of this legislation, covert racism still takes place. The concept that corresponds with this is institutional racism, where racionalised ethnic groups are systematically disadvantaged, it was recently highlighted in the media (BBC news) that institutional racism still occurs in contemporary Britain within the police workforce, the Macpherson idea on the Stephan Lawrence case also show institutional racism taking place. The amount of ethnic minorities that have an established status in the semipolitical party is disproportionately imbalanced in comparison to the majority therefore suggesting that overt race/ethnic inequalities occur in British society. Although social inequalities still exist in contemporary Britain other parts of the world such as America are slowly developing, this was shown when the current professorship Barack Obama was elected. In Britain there is a negative racial stigma tie to African Caribbean families, one of the main reasons is because they have the highest proportion of single elicit families. New right sociologist Charles Murray holds a strong view which states that single grow families are the main causes of deviant behaviour and the breakdown of society. On the other happen some sociologist argue due to the rapid technological emersion in Britain the media has exaurate crimes that take place within the African- Caribbean community therefore jumper cable to deviancy amplification as a result of this therefore policing within those area have been on the increase meaning they are more habituated to getting caught for their crimes in comparison other ethnic groups.It is evidently clear that social inequality still exists in contemporary Britain however different sociological perspectives explain social inequalities many ways and opposing views on its impact on society. For example functionalist have a positive view on social inequalities, they see it as an enviable part of society, this is because there are different social positions in society which require concomitant skills therefore, through theses inequalities the correct role allocation are set therefore benefiting society in the long run. Whereas, both Marxist and feminist theories have a more negative approach on social inequities and the raise it has on society. They believe that it has lead to an increase in exploitation of members in society therefore leading to social breakdowns. On the other hand post- modernist take a very different approach as they have a more contemporary view as they believe that the British society is changing as a result of this it is incorrect to say that social inequalities means one thing or social inequalities still exists because it is a complex phenomenon. Therefore in order to fully understand social inequalities we must take the three categories in wh ich social inequalities has been divided into and identify the correlations which they have with one another because social inequalities means different to different people.

The Importance Of Research And Development

The Importance Of question And suppurationNew invoketh expulsion and maturation is more practic on the wholey than not a crucial m all over in the survival of a corporation. In an free-enterprise(a) environment that is libertine changing, firms must continually revise their design and range of crossroads. This is necessary payable to continuous applied science substitute and maturement as well as other competitors and the changing preference of customers. A system driven by food foodstuffing is whizz that puts the customer needs first, and exactly produces bests that ar cognize to sell. Market query is carried expose, which establishes what is needed. If the discipline is technology driven indeed it is a matter of selling what it is possible to make. The fruit range is positive so that production processes be as efficient as possible and the products be technically superior, hence possessing a natural profit in the commercialize come out of the clo set.RD has a special economic significance apart from its conventional draw with scientific and technological breeding. RD investment generally reflects a governments or organizations volitioningness to foredate latest operations or profit to better future proceeding or returns, and its abilities to conduct look and training.In 2006, the worlds four largest give-up the ghosters of RD were the United States (US$343 billion), the EU (US$231 billion), China (US$136 billion), and Japan (US$130 billion). In bounds of percentage of gross domestic product, the ordering of these spenders for 2006 was China (US$115 billion of US$2,668 billion GDP), Japan, United States, EU with approximate percentages of 4.3, 3.2, 2.6, and 1.8 valueively. The top 10 spenders in terms of percentage of GDP were Israel (4.53%), China (4.3%), Sweden (3.73%), Finland (3.45%), Japan (3.39%), South Korea (3.23%), Switzerland (2.9%), Iceland (2.78%), United States (2.62%), and Germany (2.53%).In general, RD activities atomic soma 18 conducted by specialized units or centers be largeing to companies, universities and state agencies. In the condition of commerce, look and breeding normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in science or technology, using correspondent techniques to scientific enquiry without predetermined outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield.Statistics on organizations consecrate to RD may express the state of an industry, the degree of competition or the crotchet of progress. Some common measures include budgets, numbers of unmistakables or on issue of peer-reviewed globeations.Bank ratios are nonpareil of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk.In the U.S., a typical ratio of interrogation and instruction for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues. A heights technology company such as a computer manufacturer might spend 7%. Although Allergan (a biotech company) t ops the spending table 43.4% investment, anything over 15% is rare and usually gains a makeup for being a high technology company. Companies in this category include pharmaceutical companies such as Merck HYPERLINK cross-file///wiki/Merck__Co.HYPERLINK file///wiki/Merck__Co. Co. (14.1%) or Novartis (15.1%), and engineering companies like Ericsson (24.9%).Such companies are often seen as poor credit risks because their spending ratios are so unusual. broadly speaking such firms prosper solitary(prenominal) in commercializes whose customers obtain extreme hint needs, such as medicine, scientific instruments, asylum-critical mechanisms (aircraft) or high technology military armaments. The extreme needs fair(a)ify the high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues. That is, gross profits will be as a lot as 90% of the sales terms, with manufacturing costing unaccompanied 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yiel d no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get only 40% revenues.On a technical train, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as a way of amortizing the high overhead. They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, big-ticket(prenominal) safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems. inquiry has shown that firms with a persistent RD schema out answer those with an rough or no RD investment programme soI wee-wee chosen to analyze GSKs RD and tenseness how it straind ripenth. brief Company BackgroundHead quartered in the UK, GlaxoSmithKline was get uped in 2000 as a result of the merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham. It employs over 100,000 peck in 116 countries with over 15,000 involved in interrogation. GSK has a broad portfolio, with projects in the fields of respiratory, rally noisome system, and anti-infectives t o denote a few. In addition, GSK has an extensive vaccines portfolio. According to GSK, it supplied one quarter of the worlds vaccines by the end of 2006 and had a further 20 in clinical victimizationWith nearly 210 pharmaceuticals and vaccine, GSK has one of the most promising pipelines in the pharmaceutical arena. However, its current success appears to be not only ascribable to the blockbuster merger, but also to the drawship and contrast acumen of its chief operating officer, Dr Jean-Pierre Garnier (formerly CEO of SmithKline Beecham), and his strategy to prioritise RD activities. Additionally, the strategic bolt-on acquisitions, such as those of Corixa and Domantis, have further strengthened the business, adding specialist expertise to maximise future authorisation revenue.It is grievous to note that GSK is not only a world leader in pharmaceuticals, but generates significant revenue from its Consumer Healthcare di passel Lucozade and Nicorette, for example, are orbicu larly recognised brand.In all core areas of GSK investigate and increase plays a rattling eventful role in the product pipeline, refreshful product education, demonstrate and timing of the product and the final release of the product. In all these stages other section coordinate with the inquiry and enlargement division to ensure that the product avails GSK maintain a strong grocery share. oppugn GSKs Research and Development and its strategic prioritiesWhile writing this report I conducted a brief hearing with Faisal Mehmud , Director GSK , globular Research and Development , who has said that GSKS merger was a have a go at it success and that the RD department of GSK is one of the best in the world and has been instrumental in making GSK a market leader.Why do you think RD department in GSK is important?Faisal Research and exploitation is nowadays of great grandness in business as the level of competition, production processes and methods are rapidly increasing. It is of special importance in the field of marketing w here(predicate) companies keep an eagle eye on competitors and customers in order to keep pace with modern trends and analyze the needs, demands and desires of their customersHow do you manage GSKs RD capabilities?Faisal Research often refers to ancient experimental inquiry suppuration refers to the exploitation of discoveries. Research involves the identification of possible chemical compounds or metaphysical mechanisms. GSK normally buys licenses from universities or hires scientists directly when economically solid search level products emerge and the development phase of drug delivery is almost tout ensemble managed by GSK. Development is concerned with proof of concept, safety testing, and determining saint levels and delivery mechanisms. Development often occurs in phases that are defined by drug safety regulators in the country of interest. In the United States, the development phase can cost between $10 to $200 one thousand thousand and approximately one in ten compounds identified by basic look for pass all development phases and reach marketWhat does the term RD alliance convey? And who are GSKs partners in RD alliance?An RD alliance is a mutually beneficial formal relationship formed between ii or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon terminals art object remaining independent organisations, where acquiring current know leadge is a goal by itself. The different parties agree to combine their knowledge to create new-sprung(prenominal) innovative products. Thanks to funding from government organizations, like the European Unions ordinal Frame pretend Programme and modern advances in technology.GSK has many partners in search and development including the world health organization (WHO) and the Japanese government to name a few.Research and Development in GSK A brief lit Review.With the general begetth of RD in many academic and business fields, it is precisely surprising that the relationship between query and development and growth has attracted broad attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond traditional assumptions about how enquiry and development helps get to competitive return and market growth, studies have center on anything from different traditional, analytical or structural uses of question and development to aspects of marketing, such as product launch and timing, and other interactions in the product life cycle. While some look into has foc utilise only on the description and functions of look and development, other hunt has sought to show how look and development helps a company grow in terms of gaining and then maintain a competitive usefulness not shared by its rivals. Accordingly, Kuemmerle (1999) suggests that search and development can be divided into studies that focus on product development and those that focus on innovation.Much of the earlier wrench emphasized product development. SL Brown (1995) pion eering work suggested that product development can be divided into three streams of search and development product development as a rational pattern, chat web and disciplined problem solving . Thus, he argued that the type of RD capabilities will later shape the structure of the organization since research and development is a key component of product development and new products are bonnie the nexus of competition amongst firms striving to achieve a larger market share(1995, p.5). While in that location are clearly some problems with SL Brownss work his compend was not based on empirical research, for example the automatic equality of product development with three streams is problematic the emphasis on research and development has catchably remained at the Centre of much of this work. Research has shown how companies invested in RD dominated more, interrupted less often, held the market share for longer, and so on (see, for example, J Griffin , Journal of product innovat ion 1995). The chief focus of this approach, then, has been to show how research and development interacts between new product development and dominant market shareSome studies, only, have taken a different approach by looking not so much at RD in product development but have foc apply how research and development helps innovation. In a typical use up of this type, JF Reinganum (1989) developed lists of what he described as research and development features of innovation. He argued that For research and development to yield up new approaches, they must also be closely coupled to the problems and challenges where innovation is needed. Much of this research has centre on equalitys between, for example the competitive nature of businesses and the ways to acquire larger market share by means of innovation.While some of the more popular work of this type, such as GC Moore (1991), lacks a critical dimension, the emphasis on innovation has nevertheless been valuable in interaction bet ween research and development and company growthAlthough Kuemmerle (1999) distinction is clearly a effective one, it also seems evident that these two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to check with a simplistic version of product development and to consider research and development only in product development and innovation, it is also important not to treat research and development as if it constituteed outside domain of a function of business studies. As AH Van de Ven, HL Angle, MS Poole (2000) ask, Can it be coincidence that only firms with a persistent RD strategy outperform those with an irregular or no RD investment pr (p.80). Clearly, there is scope here for a great deal more research thatis based on empirical data of research and developmentoperates with a complex cause of research and development and its relationship with other core functions of business concernlooks specifically at the contexts of RD use, rather than assuming broad categoriesaims not only to describe and explain research and development but also to change the overall makeing of RD and its importance in growth and development of a company.How research and development helped GSKGSK select a resource strategy to grow a well diversified worldwide business.GSK invested heavily in its research and development (3.2 billion in 2007 alone) and associate IT with biology to retrieve, process, analyse and set the vast amount of information for optimum results.GSK also realised the growth say-so of emerging markets and drove expansion in Japan.The merger of Glaxo and SmithKline Beeckham created a diverse range of product portfolio for GSK and allowed geographical expansionGSK also grew its consumer healthcare business this was done by focusing more on innovations and daunt resources where they could make the biggest difference.Patent protection ensures competitive advantage, notwithstanding once patent protection i s lost a company has trouble maintaining a products present in the market, for this reason GSK maintains one of the best research and development facilities in the world and has some 160,000 RD staff worldwide At any term GSK has some 150 projects in clinical development comprising new drugs, product line extensions and vaccines to ensure their proportional advantage and their position as a market leader.GSK stuck with its past product success. These products were targeted at its current customers in their current markets. GSK implemented a conservative new product strategy by making minor modifications and incremental improvements in the packaging of their current products. At the same quantify they adopted a strategy of exploring market potential of their established existing markets by targeting them with extended new products. These new products were commercialize to replace old products that were running out of patent protection or substituted by superior rival products fr om competitors. GSK also identified new markets for its products.GSK adopted all these strategies concurrently to grow a well-diversified business.GSKs main competitors such as Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi-Aventis also have a strategy of delivering more products of appraise however GSKs strategy of delivering more products of value is based on simplifying its clinical RD and by adding value to the supplies brought into the organization. GSKs strategy was to increase flow and improve the distribution of its products simultaneously they increased the quality of their products through research and development and creating global brands with a strong marketing initiative.GSK also compensated individuals who bought supplies for them and took strong steps to improve their supply-chain management.Unlike its main competitors GSK maintained a prescriptive resource strategy. GSK used its resources for maximum strategic benefit.If we link GSKs strategic priority of delivering more products of value with its prescriptive resource strategy we see that GSK significantly grew its biopharm capability. Biopharmaceuticals are aesculapian drugs produced using biotechnology.GSK invested heavily to attract the best talent, compensated them and took maximum advantage of their human resources and development, which resulted in not further a growth in biopharm but also resulted in enhanced productivity for drug discovery. GSKs vision of becoming a undisputed market leader can only be accomplished if it has the right talent.Research and Development hence helped GSK achieve all its strategic priorities.MethodologyI envision this project as an investigation of three primary issues how research and development helps an organization grow, how research and development helps in product development and how research and development helps achieve innovation. In order to conduct my research effectively I chose GSK as a company to study and prepare a geek study, there were two important reas ons for choosing GSK. Firstly GSK has a very good research and development department that has contributed to its growth as one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Secondly GSK is a research based organization and hence maintains a very good RD capability which is worth researching.The first part of my research is primarily concerned with abbreviation of research and development in context with GSK. This is important because without this interrelation it becomes very difficult to understand the importance of GSK in a multinational business environment. I have also used this part to understand how research and development fits into a overall somatic strategy and goals of a company. This helps me understand why so much bullion is spend on research and development. It also answers several important questions from the point of view of shareholders who are often confused where these intangible costs are attributed and how the gains from spending on something non prod uctive as research and development are maximized.The wink part of my research is concerned with RD as a primary tool for production processes and product development as a bilinear function. As mentioned in the literature review this part is more theoretical than other parts as it involves research and development at the very core of product development.Figure 1As shown in gauge 1 Research and Development is at the very centre of product development in the product life cycle. Hence this area is of grand importance in the field of business management and requires further research. It is a well established fact that any company that has a good RD department benefits in the long run canvassd to a company that gives lilliputian importance to RD hence in this part I tried to understand why research and development is so crucial in the long run for any company. By apprehension product development with a case study of GSK I will begin to understand how research and development is li nked with product development. Then with empirical evidence I will try and compare other companies whose research has helped them grow an weighty product portfolio. Next I will try and understand with analysis how other factors contribute to make research and development an effective staff office in product development, I will do this with a case study of GSK.The third aspect is how research and development contributes to innovation. For this it is important to understand innovation and study an innovative organization. Innovation helps an organization achieve competitive advantage which is a ludicrous position a firm occupies with respect to its competitors. Innovation is a new discovery, which is commercially viable in a business sense, and which is not explored and marketed by anyone else. Innovation is protected through diverse mediums including trademarks and patents. I wanted to find whether research and development leads to innovation and if YES then how. For this I studi ed the basic model of the RD capabilities of GSK who have innovated many drugs and intercommunicate with Dr Faisal Mahmud, Director RD, GSK. In this third aspect my focus was on the inseparable side of research and development as a tool for innovation. It was discovered that in an organization that devotes some and most of its energies in the primary research and development capabilities do infect breed innovation. Also my research notice that most aspects of a business chain are integrated and linked with research and development.Research Methods.Primary ResearchThe fieldwork for primary research took place in two regions. I conducted an informal interview with Faisal Mahmud, Director Global RD, GSK. Also I conducted a pulverization analysis on GSK as a company, in general, and their RD department in particular.WEAKNESSES-Loss of patent protection.-Does not perform well on marketing practices.-Environmental performance.-External pressures.STRENGTHS-Size Economies of scale-Paten t protection.-Focus on innovation.-Good research and development.-Globally accepted brand.-Strong financial reserves.-Good return for investors.-Access to larger markets.-Experienced corporate management team.-Passion for achievementSWOT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM.OPPORTUNITIES-Expansion in developing countries.-Strong global influence.-Segmented market.-Product development-Growth in Japan.OPPORTUNITIES-Expansion in developing countries.-Strong global influence.-Segmented market.-Product development-Growth in Japan.OPPORTUNITIES-Expansion in developing countries.-Strong global influence.-Segmented market.-Product development-Growth in Japan.THREATS-Competitors.-Loss of key staff.-Political pressures.-Court cases.-IT development.-Legal controversies.THREATS-Competitors.-Loss of key staff.-Political pressures.-Court cases.-IT development.-Legal controversies.THREATS-Competitors.-Loss of key staff.-Political pressures.-Court cases.-IT development.-Legal controversies.OPPORTUNITIES-Expansion in developing countries.-Strong global influence.-Segmented market.-Product development-Growth in Japan.OPPORTUNITIES-Expansion in developing countries.-Strong global influence.-Segmented market.-Product development-Growth in Japan.THREATS-Competitors.-Loss of key staff.-Political pressures.-Court cases.-IT development.-Legal controversies.THREATS-Competitors.-Loss of key staff.-Political pressures.-Court cases.-IT development.-Legal controversies.OPPORTUNITIES-Expansion in developing countries.-Strong global influence.-Segmented market.-Product development-Growth in Japan.THREATS-Competitors.-Loss of key staff.-Political pressures.-Court cases.-IT development.-Legal controversies.I also conducted a field of 10 GSK product users and asked them the following questions regarding the research and development of GSKBelow a sample survey I conducted for my primary researchSecondary ResearchFor my secondary research I conducted a judgmental sampling, this was done by the help of the BCG Gro wth share matrix model, which I used just for my research and the matrix allowed me to compare, along with sampling, different RD departments and their activities and link it, or compare it, with GSKs. This comparative studies was followed by many journals and articles I read online and many books including corporeal Strategy by Richard Lynch, which helped me not just in terms of comparison but also helped me conduct my research and analysis properly.Thus through my research I have tried to understand how GSK, through its RD, maintains a competitive advantage over its competitors.Apart from the above mentioned objectives, my project and research have answered the following questionsGlobally diagnosis and treatments have improved, so people are using more medicines now than ever before. How does GSKs research and development help maintain demand for their products?Demand for safer, more effective, new medicines continues to grow. How does RD visualise to integrate efficiency and sa fety?Ageing populations take long-term treatments. How does GSKs research and development propose to meet this challenge?Major healthcare challenges exist in the developing world with no easy solutions. Does GSKs research and development help improvised nations?It takes 10-12 years from the discovery of a potential new medicine until it is available for the patients. Can this time be reduced?The estimated cost of each medicine, from discovery to market, is $897 million but only 3 out of 10 new treatments recover development costs. Is it really worth it?ResultsResultsAs mentioned in the literature review and methodology the research conducted for this report focused primarily in three areas. How research and development helps an organization grow? How research and development helps in product development and how research and development leads to innovation. As mentioned this research was conducted with a case study of GSK.How research and development helps an organization grow?Result sFrom my research I found out that RD helps easily for an organization to grow and expand. Based on facts until the merger of Glaxo and Smith to form GSK both companies maintained a highly productive research and development department but had opposite interests, while Glaxos main businesses were medicines Smithkline Beckham dealed in Vaccines primarily. Hence their research was limited in the sense of their strategy and their respective market share.After the merger both organizations integrated their RD capabilities and invested heavily in research and development. This led to many RD centers to be established across the world including in countries such as India and Australia which are considered emerging markets.This high investment in research and development created a diverse and unique product portfolio and led to groundbreaking developments in fields such as central nervous systems, bacteria, malaria and crabmeat. This helped GSK, a newly merged company in 2000 to become t he second best pharmaceutical company in the world.Andrew Witty, CEO GSK, in an interview with the Financial Times in 2007 described the phenomenal growth of GSK to its neat research and development capabilities which led to a unique product portfolio and helped develop a strong position against competitors. From my research I found out that through RD GK developed a very good overall reputation for discovering new drugs which led to affiliations with organizations such as World Health nerve (WHO). Also RD ensures that new products not launched by competitors are developed and marketed which keeps the comparative advantage enjoyed by an organization and helps maintain a strong market share and growth rate in the long run.How research and development helps in product development?ResultsResearch and development forms the core and intact part of any product development. Business analysts evaluate gaps in the market and understand and comprehend market and customer needs. This informa tion is then passed to the RD department who work vigorously to develop products which suit the requirements of the business models and corporate strategy of the organization.RD makes the designs, comprehends the requirements, conducts research and forms the basis and provides a prototype. This proto is then subjected to a number of tests to make sure the product meets the standard international health and safety laws and whether it is feasible. This process is very vigorous and time consuming. Once all the tests all positive then the organizational heads decide how best to market the product. sometimes they even sample it to customers as an extension of the Testing process.It is established that not all RD leads to a standardized product and results in many wastages however without research and development regular changes which are needed for a product cannot occur and secondly product development process cannot start by ignoring RD costs and benefits.How research and development leads to innovationResultsIn my interview with Dr Faisal Mehmud he said Research often refers to basic experimental research development refers to the exploitation of discoveries. Hence innovation is indeed a discovery and constant research helps pass unresolved problems in any field where research is being conducted. For example from my research I found that many updated versions of in market drugs that had limited cure in diseases such as malaria and cancer are solved by GSK . Many incurable diseases not have prescription. These are all innovations. Constant research invariably leads to innovation.Many innovations solve problems and are limited in scope for drugs for cancer. But constant research is the only way to solve these issues. Also as far as GSK is concerned most research is experimental and experiments lead to discoveries and innovations.Reflective identifyI started working on this report in November 2009. The fieldwork for this research took place in two regions and ma ny academic journals, online materials, reference books and opinions were needed to complete this report. I faced a number of p-problems while writing this report and it was a big challenge. The first problem I faced was understanding RD. It is a very complex term and is used not just by firms but governments and even the military. Each RD capability has its own unique function that caters to the organization it represents. However what made this subject interesting to study was the importance of RD.When I first started my project, I remained in the forming stage for quite an a while. It took me many weeks and many meetings to figure out what I was doing and demote up into three broad categories. Although the forming stage did take a while, I was able to cover most of the norming stage at the same time because I started knowing the subject quite well. Once I at last formed my basis, the rest of the stages went much easier. I was able to finish up the norming and began performing rather quickly. This stage continued until recently as I was doing research, and reading journals, quite often. I performed quite well in research and spent very little time, if any, in the storming stage. Most of the storming I dealt with was with the help of other students and my academic teacher at Greenwich. I was trying to plan an interesting project,Another topic I was able to apply to my project was clarity and hardwork. Once I decided, I was able to take right for different parts of the project. I learned to wor

Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony Essay -- Literary Analysis, Psychology

The central conflict of Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony is Tayos difference of opinion to gain psychological unity in the face of various traumatic experiences, ranging from a troubled puerility to cultural marginalization and combat experiences during World War II. Throughout the fresh, the expose to Tayos psychological recovery is his rediscovery of native Australian American cultural practices.Most of the all-important(a) turning points in the novel occur when Tayo listens to, takes part in, or learns more(prenominal) about Native American cultural traditions. He progresses towards recovery when he visits medicine men, returns to traditional customs and practices, or develops an intimate relationship with mortal like Tseh who lives according to traditional ways. As he develops an increased savvy of native cultural practices and ritual ceremonies he finds psychological peace, which he readily loses whenever he seeks other sources of healing-whether he seeks them in the glor ies of war, the pleasures of alcohol, or the medical practices of the soldiery psychiatric hospital.The novels opening poem describes the Incredible powers that delivery, stories, and rituals have in Native American cultures ceremonies are the only cure for human and cultural ailments, and stories and language have the power to create worlds As the novel progresses, it demonstrates this power by showing how rituals are more effective than anything else in helping Tayo heal.Moreover, Tayos struggle to return to indigenous cultural traditions parallels Silkos own struggle as a writer who wants to integrate Native American traditions into the structure of her novel. Instead of hardly following the literary conventions used by other American and European writers, Silko develops new li... ...ve Americans fit into the broader mosaic of American history. In particular, Silko s novel rewrites American history so that Native Americans like Tayo are no longer pushed into the margins and i gnored. She shows that they have contributed to and continue to contribute to American history by providing the land on which it happens, by fighting for America in internationalistic conflicts, and by contributing to Americas economic development.Even more importantly, however, she shows that Native American cultural traditions also provide an alternative, and in Silkos opinion, superior view of what Americas future tense could look like if it will chose to be more spiritually sensitive, multi-culturally respectful, and environmentally responsible. In this sense, Ceremony adds an important and potentially healing voice to the on-going palisade of what it means to be an American.

Make Love, Not War Essay -- Social Studies

Life on Earth constantly swings betwixt peace and war, even though humanity kind is famishing for happiness. Bliss does non derive from war and violence, why then humanity cannot live without the accuse of wars? We are analogously pursuing the culture of death. Maybe violence is carve into our DNA, our ancestral reptile brain, somehow, is dominating over our intellectual reasoning and emotional intelligence, the same brain that helped us to defy in hostile environments of a primitive world. How could man make this world a better inject? Could bash change this status quo? Leslie Marmon Silko writes in Ceremony Tonight the notification had come first, squeaking out of the iron bed, a man apprisal in Spanish, the melody of a familiar love call option, two lecture again and again, Y volver. Sometimes the Japanese voices came first, angry and loud, pushing the song far away, and then he could hear the shift in his dreaming, like a slight afternoon wind changing its directio n, coming little and less from the south, moving into the west, and the voices would become Laguna voices, (6)Y volvere, in Spanish means returning, coming back, these words belong to a familiar love song (6) and they can evoke nostalgic feelings in the heart of a soldier in war. A Love song, how can love feelings survive in a war situation, where a soldier in conflict likely does not have the right to be compassionate and human? The angry enemy voices are pushing away the song (6). hatred and violence are wiping away love probably there is no space for love in war.And the voices would become Laguna voices other place, another situation but the same struggling story. Human beings denied of their freedom, dignity, history, traditions, and storytelling.... ...iolenza (Dottrina della resistenza passiva). Periodi storici e tematici Storia in network Cronologia Copyright One Italia 2010. Web. 06 of April, 2012 http//cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/gandhi2.htm Leslie Marmon Silko, Ceremony, Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York. Pag. 6. scoreMario Rigoni Stern. Il Sergente nella neve-ritorno sul Don. In Guerra, quando sembra che tuttodebba crollare e morirre, un gesto, una parola, un fatto e sufficiente a ridare speranza e vita. (Einaudi tascabili di Mario Rigoni Stern. 1 gennaio 1969. Pag.51. PrintMark D. Tooley is president of the Institute on Religion and Democracy and cause of Taking Back the United Methodist Church. Viewpoints on war and pacifism. Web. 06 April 2012http//0-ic.galegroup.com.library.lanecc.edu/ic/ovic/?userGroupName=laneccoll&

Physics of Cooling Lava :: physics lava volcano

On January 23rd 1973 a unused venthole unexpectedly erupted in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, southwest of Iceland. The new outlet was a fissure 1.25 miles long and solo 1100 yards from the center of town, also named Vestmannaeyjar. The new volcano was named Heimaey. The town was mostly evacuated over the next few old age and the lava slowly flowed towards town and the mouth of the harbor for the next seven months. Vestmannaeyjar is the only good harbour in that part of Iceland, and was the base for a bulky fishing fleet that produces a significant part of Icelands GNP. As the lava threatened to overrun the town and close off the harbor, a finale was made to try to slow and divert the lava by cooling it with sea water. The idea was initially scoffed at, but when small initial efforts seemed to have an force-out the scale of the operation was increased. Over seven months eight million three-d yards of sea water were pumped onto the lava flow they cooled 5 million solid yard s of basalt lava to solid rock. The harbor and much of the town survived the flush, likely as a result of the efforts to cool the lava.Iceland is known for its volcanic activity. A few old age before Heimaey erupted a nearby sub maritime eruption form the new island of Surtsey. The town of Vestmannaeyjar already had an extinct volcano on its outskirts, the volcano was known as Helgafell. It was thought to have been extinct for several one hundred years. In January 1973 a new fissure opened up a few hundred yards from the extinct volcano. It went clear across the island and into the ocean on both sides. Boats escaping the harbor saw red magma under the water, and sub oceanic power and water lines from the mainland were broken by the eruption. In the initial eruption a curtain of lava 500 feet erupted from the fissure, after a few age the eruption was mostly from a single vent, with a cinder cone cell 300 feet tall. The lava flows from the eruption were a viscous slow moving bas altic magma. Average speeds for the lava flows were 3 to 9 yards a day. These relatively slow speeds be what made it possible to try and cool and divert the lava.The lava was initially cooled with plague pumps and hoses, later in the effort large pumps were leased from the US phalanx and several fire fighting boats were used.

Natural Indicators :: essays research papers

Natural IndicatorsEach year millions of tourists travel to the timber of New England, upstate New York, Wisconsin, and Canada to witness the appearance of brilliant declination colors. Sugar maples, inflammation oaks, sumac, birch and other trees and shrubs turn from green to glinting red, orange, and yellow. The short, cool days of autumn bring an end to the production of chlorophyl (the green light-gathering pigment). As chlorophyll gradually breaks down, the colors of the more permanent carotenoid (yellow/orange) and anthocyanin (red/blue/purple) pigments become visible. Some years the leaves of a particular species be bright yellow, while other years they whitethorn appear redder or even purple. Although no one can accurately predict the quantify or coloration of each years show, we do know that there is a chemical basis for it.Anthocyanins (Figure I) ar responsible not only for the red and purplish colors of autumn, but also for similar colors in various summer leaves ( red arise, red lettuce, red plum tree), flowers (roses, hydrangeas, geraniums, bachelor buttons, unsung pansies), fruit (cherries, red apples, grapes, tomato, blackberry, blueberry, plum), roots (beets, radishes), bulbs (red onions), and petioles (rhubarb). Anthocyanins are water-soluble and are change state in the cell sap rather than bound to the membranes as chlorophyll is. If cell sap in a leaf is very vitriolic, past anthocyanins make the leaves a bright red color, but if it is less acidic the color may appear purple. The color of anthocyanin depends on acidity, and thus it may serve as a pH (acid/base) indicator (Figure II). pH is a quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of firmnesss. Numerically, the pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration. If the pH is less than 7 the solution is acidic, if it is greater than 7 the solution is basic, and if it is 7 the solution is neutral. The high the pH, the more basic the solution, and the lower the pH, the more acidic the solution. Figure II illustrates the relationship between color and pH for anthocyanin pigments extracted from red cabbage or other sources. Since anthocyanins are found in all of the above named constituent(a) materials, they are all very useful natural indicators. Natural indicators are better for detecting acids and bases than man made indicators. This experiment utilizes red cabbage juice, red onion juice, blueberry juice, phenolphthalein, bromythol blue, and universal indicator for the indicators and for the acids and bases, uses .

groth of the self :: essays research papers

Unfortunately I was not able-bodied to make it to our last site visit and to our group meeting. I had a terrible cold and needed rest. However, I emailed one of my group members so that she could up date me. I also made sure to retrieve my students and apologize for my absence. Today, Monday I went back to site and we had overhead presentation. The students were really abstruse and eager to participate. In the overhead pictures of different people were pointn and the students were asked to describe the person. many another(prenominal) of the students commented that the people in the picture looked like drug dealers, rapist and so on. Most of their comments were negative towards what the individuals in the picture looked like. The students were really shocked to disclose out that all of those people in the picture were university students and really successful. This was our intro and then we broke into groups and discussed the prejudice article. I was really joyous that twai n my students were really eager to express their opinion and to share their experiences with prejudice. They were really nerve-wracking to analyze the negative and positive effects of prejudice. I dumbfound a wonderful group and I can see that they are get more and more involved each time.What would you do if you really love the student?I think that because I live the students and because I down opened up to them they are becoming more interested and involved. I really enjoy listening to my students responses to their ways of thinking and seeing things. Therefore, to show them my love I respect their ideas and I encourage them to think and to challenge everything. We were really working on our analytical skills and I hope to remedy my own analytical skills through them. I am really happy with my students but I wished they took the homework a bit more serious. I think that because they have a week until we meet again they set back the homework for so long that they eventually forget to do it or they just loose the assignment. But since I car for my students I have decided to make it my responsibility to remind them at least twain days before. I plan to call them at and inquire on their week and end the call with a quick reminder to do their reading assignment and written note and questions for our next discussion.

My Goal Statement Essay -- My Mission and Goals

My missionary work here at narrate University is to strive to be the best mortal that I nooky possibly become. I observe my elders and try to intoxicate ripe values from them. Also, I try to be a wide-cut role model for my friends and youngsters. I appreciate and project other peoples differences and am happy that were not all the same. As a team up leader, I try to put these differences and diversity to honest effect. I plight full responsibility for my actions. I am constantly accountable to my decisions. If I make a mistake, I am continuously ready to tolerate it and learn from it. I forever and a day remember that ahead I can influence someone else, I must initial be in charge of myself. If I am not fully convinced of my avow decisions, it would be very difficult for me to influence others. I am a responsible student who works hard in school. I recollect that hard work is the key to success. My remnant is to down and fulfill the dreams of my father. I los s to pursue urban Planning honest like him. I also plan to have a Masters storey for the same. I ordain take every effort necessary to batten that I relate and, if possible, exceed my goal through sheer fealty and perseverance. I drink to offer the highest quality of leadership, the greatest level of expertise, and indefatigable dedication to the cause. I studied English last year at County Community College and travel to State University for this major later. I like California. I strongly tonicity that the mission statement of State University complements and resonates with goals and aspirations of mine. As State University guarantees the best pedagogical techniques, I will try to show my duty as a student. I will demonstrate my intellectual electrical capacity and ask right on questions at the right time to feed my curiosity. I will... ...trated. I would throw away higher priority to tasks which have to be performed immediately. flexibleness is also very important and I would modify my path whenever need arises. Efficient counsel of time is also necessary when it comes to tackling obstacles. The first stages are counterbalance much important because when we see first progress, we become even more inflexible to put in more effort towards our goal. cunctation is also a very big obstacle and may substantiate us distracted. We should always make small goals which in turn would aline to meet the larger goal. We should never get caught in unnecessary thoughts. Without get distracted by the external environment, I would keep the primary goal in straits while doing any task. As I want to get a Masters degree in Urban Planning, these values which I have already listed would surely help me in taking good decisions. My Goal Statement Essay -- My Mission and GoalsMy mission here at State University is to strive to be the best person that I can possibly become. I respect my elders and try to learn good values from them. Al so, I try to be a good role model for my friends and youngsters. I appreciate and understand other peoples differences and am happy that were not all the same. As a team leader, I try to put these differences and diversity to good effect. I take full responsibility for my actions. I am always accountable to my decisions. If I make a mistake, I am always ready to admit it and learn from it. I always remember that before I can influence someone else, I must first be in charge of myself. If I am not fully convinced of my own decisions, it would be very difficult for me to influence others. I am a responsible student who works hard in school. I believe that hard work is the key to success. My goal is to graduate and fulfill the dreams of my father. I want to pursue Urban Planning just like him. I also plan to have a Masters degree for the same. I will take every effort necessary to ensure that I meet and, if possible, exceed my goal through sheer dedication and perseverance. I pledge t o offer the highest quality of leadership, the greatest level of expertise, and tireless dedication to the cause. I studied English last year at County Community College and moved to State University for this major later. I like California. I strongly feel that the mission statement of State University complements and resonates with goals and aspirations of mine. As State University guarantees the best pedagogical techniques, I will try to show my excellence as a student. I will demonstrate my intellectual capability and ask right questions at the right time to feed my curiosity. I will... ...trated. I would give higher priority to tasks which have to be performed immediately. Flexibility is also very important and I would modify my path whenever need arises. Efficient management of time is also necessary when it comes to tackling obstacles. The first stages are even more important because when we see first progress, we become even more determined to put in more effort towards ou r goal. Procrastination is also a very big obstacle and may keep us distracted. We should always make small goals which in turn would coordinate to meet the larger goal. We should never get caught in unnecessary thoughts. Without getting distracted by the external environment, I would keep the primary goal in mind while doing any task. As I want to get a Masters degree in Urban Planning, these values which I have already listed would surely help me in taking good decisions.