Identify Four Possible Consequences Essay

1. Identify four possible consequences of inadequate training or training that does not meet an organisation’s needs or requirements. Answers might include but are not limited to: Leads to people feeling ill-equipped to do their jobs, leading to stress Reduced productivity Decreased flexibility/ adaptability to workplace demands Failure to enhance people’s skills Can lead to a failure to meet statutory requirements relating to providing a safe and healthy working environment Reduced motivation Reduced satisfaction Failure to offer career development Increased employee turnover 2. Carry out your own TNA identifying the learning and development needs you could use to be able to do your current job more successfully. If you are not currently employed, carry out a TNA that relates to the skills and knowledge you will need in a job that you hope to secure in the future. There is no definitive response to this activity; however, participants should demonstrate an understanding that a TNA is used to clearly identify the requirements of a job, the current capabilities of participants and whether there are any gaps between the two. 3. Training needs should be considered at five levels. State what these levels are and give an example for each. Identifying learning needs must be done at five levels: 1. Compliance and statutory-all employees must adhere to national privacy principles, therefore they need to be trained on what these principles are what they mean for the business. 2. Business strategies and goals-the vision of the organisation is to become the largest provider of personalised stationery, therefore training might be needed in sales and marketing. 3. Departmental and team-the accounts team might need training on a new finance IT package in order to efficiently handle the higher volume of invoices. 4.  Job roles-the specific learning needs of each job or group of jobs. All the employees responsible for creating new stationery designs are likely to need training on the market segments that are being actively targeted by the sales team. 5. Individual-the competencies that each person must hold in order to perform their job effectively. The person responsible for maintaining the organisation’s website might require training on the new look of the website propose d by the marketing team. Activity 2 1. Why is employee consultation a necessary process when determining learning needs and addressing change? Consultation enables you to: Identify employee needs and expectations Identify real skills gaps Gather a range of ideas and suggestions regarding training If employees are consulted they are more likely to be motivated and commit to training. 2. What are the likely repercussions if employees are not consulted and involved in the design, development and targeting of training or learning opportunities? Employees who are not consulted will possibly resist training-not be happy about involvement. So they might not attend, or might sabotage the training. The training will not necessarily be correctly targeted. Activity 3 1. Evaluating competencies and continually improving one’s skills is the responsibility of everyone in an organisation. Comment on this statement. If organisations are to be learning organisations they need everybody to take a proactive stance in learning, growing and improving. 2. What advantages are there when an individual self-evaluates their competence and identifies what is needed to learn, grow and improve knowledge and skills? When an individual is involved in the process of examining their current performance against set standards they are becoming actively involved and are therefore taking ownership for continual improvement. When a person is actively engaged in identifying the issues they are more likely to positively embrace  solutions to improve the performance. 3. Technical skills can be taught, but attitude implies habits and habits are hard to change. What do you think this means? When we start work, or learn new tasks we find it easier to learn new competencies. We do not have to unlearn anything in order to develop the new skills. However, if we have been doing a task a certain way for a period of time, our method of approaching the tasks becomes habitual. Thus, if we need to make changes we actually have to unlearn the current habits and develop new ones. We all know that habitual behaviours are difficult to change (think, for instance, about how hard it is for people to give up smoking.) Habitual behaviours are those behaviours with which we are comfortable. We do not want to move out of our comfort zones to change our habits. Some people, however, demonstrate the attitude that they are happy to make changes or improvements as needed. They will take advantage of opportunities to improve, because they realise that it is important to do so. It is much harder to teach someone to develop this kind of attitude than tit is to teach someone, for instance, how to operate a machine. 4. How do you think attitude assessment does or should impact on an organisation’s performance evaluations, its recruitment and selection processes and on any training programs that might be implemented? High-performing organisations focus heavily, in their recruitment and selection procedures, on attitude assessment. Attitude is the component of employee behaviour that indicates motivation-support for organisational goals, potential for active involvement I improvement processes, and cooperation when required, Employees who: Do not want to learn Whose attitude is that they are simply there to earn a wage Who are afraid and resistant to change Or who simply do not care Can have destructive effects on the organisation-it’s culture and it’s productivity. They can affect the motivation and input of other employees. Thus employee attitude-willingness to participate, to be involved and to  self-monitor and self-manage should comprise integral parts of all evaluations-for recruitment, performance evaluation and as regards selection for training opportunities. Training truly will be wasted if employees who do not wish to learn, are not interested or for whatever reason do not want to be there, are coerced into attending training. Training will only be effective if the people who participate in it want to learn and to develop new skills and can see a purpose for learning-ie they have the right attitude. Activity 4 1. Comment on this statement: Effective managers do not wait for a defined time to gather feedback on their team members’ performance; they do it continually using formal and informal methods and relevant sources to build-up a complete picture of competence of the team as a whole and for each member of that team. Generally, this statement is true. Feedback that is gathered continuously provides a more complete picture of competence than feedback gathered in snapshots, as it provides a holistic picture encompassing differing situations and contingencies. A good manager is able to combine formal feedback mechanisms, such as production results together with informal methods such as comments made by team members. 2. You are the senior coach of the Windemere Wombats A Grade basketball team. You have been concerned lately that the team, although still winning matches, are not performing as well as they could be. You feel that they have the capability to win convincingly, but instead some players are making silly mistakes that are costing the team important points. You are unsure what is causing the performance issue and decide to pay closer attention in order to get to the bottom of it. What feedback processes could you use to uncover the problem? The coach could use feedback techniques such as: Examine play statistics Video the games and play them back to analyse them Have a team discussion where everybody is encouraged to provide feedback Hold one-on-one meetings with each player, assistant coaches and other administration employees Activity 5 1 Standards are set by industries, organisations and accrediting bodies. 2 Having clearly defined standards enables organisations and trainees to understand what is required and to structure training programs to ensure that workers gain the required competencies. 3. There are no definitive responses for this activity; howerver, participants should demonstrate an undersanding that: A goal is the expression of what is to be achieved as aresult of completing learning and development activities associated with the skill. Goals help specify the detail of what is to be achieved. Examples include: – provide better feedback to my employees – effectively chair monthly committee meetings – format complex reports better Each skill can have one or more learning objectives. Objectives contain a hight level of detail and shouuld be specific, measurable, and attainable. Examples include : – Provide better feedback to my employees: – provide feedback within 24 hours – provide feedback that results in improved employee performance – Effectively chair monthly committee meeting: – keep meetings to allocated timeframe – prevent domination of discussion by one or two people – Format complex reports: – use tables with 100% accuracy – use columns with 100% accuracy – use numbering with 100% accuracy 4. Competency list should be a comprehensive list of the steps required and the level to which they must be performed. For example, place one level scoop of washing powder into the middle compartment of the washing machine dispenser. Activities selected for inclusion in the learning plan should reflect the prior knowledge of the learner, the nature of the task and the most appropriate method. For examle, doing the laundry could be taught  through demonstration and verbal instruction. 5. Consultation with the employees and conducting training needs assessments. 6 Formal training can include : external courses, internal workshops, e-learning programs. Informal training can include reading, mentoring, coaching. Activity 7 1 Coaching is usually more task specific than mentoring. Coaches focus on helping and guiding development in a particular competency or area of growth. They are usually chosen for their technical expertise. Mentors, on the other hand, play a guiding or advisory role that is often less defined by competency boundaries. Mentoring often encompasses changes in thinking, attitudinal shifts and behavioural changes. 2 Learning opportunities can include, but are not limited to : – team building actibities – counselling of the players with the tension between them – strategy meeting to explain why working the ball in closer is desirable followed by a practice session to reinforce the theory – drill training on bounce passes 3 a. Is a critical response. b. Offers a positibe method of improving. Therefore b is the most helpful form of feedback. 4 There are no definitive responses for this activity; howerver, participants should demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the feedback hamburger. The feedback should start with something positive (howerver minor) and end with something positive/ constructive; acknowledging the things the learner has done correctly. Corrections that need to be made should be sandwiched in the middle. Activity 9 1 There is no definitive response for this activity; however, participants should demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the learning material. Activity10 2 There is no definitive answer for this activity; however, the participant’s response will need to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the learning material. Answers will be specific to the participant. Activity 11 1 The example will be specific to the participant but must retain the integrity of the model. 2 The example will be specific to the participant but must retain the integrity of the model. 3 Additional support could include but is not limited to: – senior executives in head office: – poster reinforcing the customer centric culture in board room – customer centric statistics linked to business profitability placed on board meeting as a standard agenda – store management: – reinforcement training sessions at monthly staff meetings – additional training in the importance of role modelling – frontline sales staff: – reminder cards with phrases to use pinned up near the tills – poster reinforcing the customer centric culture in the stock room – role modelling by store and head office management

Choosing a Topic Essay

Autism: Evaluations of biomedical and dietary intervention and their impact on autistic individuals. Interesting: yes it is something that is interesting to many people not just me. I feel that it is something that people need to know about. With the increase of autism it is an option that needs to get out there for people to know. Researchable: Yes it is very researchable. There are so many web sits on this. You can find so much on the internet. Most schools for the autistic also have some information on the biomedical and dietary intervention. One that is researching this can also talk to the older highly functional autistic individuals. These individuals can let you know there personal experiences. Important: It is very important with the increase of autism. I only had one person respond to my post. My class mate wanted to know if there was a connection between autism and celiac disease. She has a friend that has this disease and her friend has gone through a dietary intervention and she thought that there may be a connection in the two. To tell the truth I have never heard of celiac disease, but I will look into it to see if there is anything in commune. Describe two controversies surrounding this topic. Yes this is a very controversial topic. This is due to the fact that when one is on a biomedical or dietary intervention most of the time they stop taking their pharmaceutical drugs. The thought behind the intervention is that if you remove some foods from the diet such as gluten or dairy you may remove the problem. The problem is a gastrointestinal disturbance. The other is that when you take some foods out of your diet you also take out the vitamins that are in that food, so the patient has to take supplements in order to get what the body needs. Some families look at it as you take away one or two drugs just to change the diet just to add a hand full of supplements. I don’t know about you but as a mother I would rather have my child take a hand full of supplements just to get rid of a few harm full pharmaceuticals. Describe which side of the argument you feel is the right and why. I feel that it should be tried. What could it hurt? If your child if allergic to the food he/she eats then get rid of the problem, the food. If you could make your child feel better and not be on all kinds of medicine what would you do? It is just that simple. Yes you will have to change the way you shop but what parent would not go to the ends of the earth for their child? Formulate a working thesis statement. Autism: Evaluations of biomedical and dietary intervention and their impact on autistic individuals. There is not a cure for autism but we can help decrease the frequencies of the autistic outburst.

Normalization Term Essay

In Montessori education, the term â€Å"normalization† has a specialized meaning. â€Å"Normal† does not refer to what is considered to be â€Å"typical† or â€Å"average† or even â€Å"usual†. â€Å"Normalization† does not refer to a process of being forced to conform. Instead, Maria Montessori used the terms â€Å"normal† and â€Å"normalization† to describe a unique process she observed in child development. Normalization refers to the focus, concentration and independence of the child, by his own choice. It means the child has acquired the internal freedom to initiate work, be independent, and adhere (by choice) to the rules of the environment. DR Maria Montessori’s main discovery was the reality of a child’s true nature WHICH IS the NORMALIZED CHILD. She described the process of normalization as the fundamental changes in children. Each small child undergoes an adaptation process when he or she first joins any new group of children. When a child just joins a new group until he undergoes adaptation stage, he or she is unable to act independently. It is after the child has normalized that he demonstrates qualities which proves his readiness for intellectual work. Normalization describes the process that occurs in the Montessori prepared environment. Dr Maria Montessori says the society groups children into three categories; those who are models of good, albeit passive behaviour; those whose character or behaviour needs to be corrected; and those who are thought to be superior to others–these type of children are always noisy, ‘exuberant’, their parents often think they are brilliant, even though others may not find them agreeable around them. Such behaviour may be commonly understood as negative (a timid child, a destructive child, etc.) or positive (a passive, quiet child). Both positive and negative deviations disappear once the child begins to concentrate on a piece of work freely chosen. Every child needs a stimulating environment to grow and without freedom of movement within this environment the child will be deviated. Dr Maria Montessori noticed that in most cases deviations are cause by adults. Deviation occurs when obstacles are placed in the child’s environment, when the child is denied harmonious work of his body and mind . Dr. Montessori classified deviations in two categories: deliberate (adult-fostered) and non-deliberate (those not fostered by adults). Deliberate deviations are caused by the lack of purposeful activities in the home and/or school environment. These children feel the need to be constantly entertained. They are continually bouncing between toys, TV, and computer time to alleviate boredom, but nothing holds their interest for very long. These children may also have the tendency to cling to a parent or older sibling well beyond the developmental plane of letting go. This is because their independence has been denied and they are unable to recognize themselves as a separate person. There are several deviations that are not fostered by adults and are often seen as â€Å"normal† stages of development. Dr. Montessori referred to these as deviations as fugues and barriers (The Secret of Childhood) and deviations that are demonstrated by the strong and the weak (The Absorbent Mind). Children often enter the Montessori environment ready to struggle or â€Å"fight†. In the Discovery of the Child, Dr. Montessori states â€Å"†¦every defect of character is due to some wrong treatment sustained by the child during his early years†. It is the duty of the Montessori teacher to remove any obstacles (including herself) which impede the development of the child. With careful observations, â€Å"earnest words†, spontaneous work, commitment to the Montessori philosophy and principles, the Montessori teacher is able to successfully redirect and refocus student behaviour. Dr Maria Montessori says that all these character or behaviour, good or bad disappears â€Å"as soon as the children becomes absorbed in a piece of  work that attracts him.† (Montessori, pg. 201). The child has no desire to be good or bad, he only wants to be busy working with something that brings him joy. Dr Montessori described the normalized child as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"one who is precociously intelligent, who has learned to overcome himself and to live peace and who prefers a disciplined task to futile idleness†(Maria Montessori, the secret of childhood). A pre-normalized child does not have the joy normalized children have . a pre- normalized child coming into the Montessori environment has a chaotic impression from surrounding environment, he has a low self-esteem. He would abandon his work without completion. He shows discipline only when an adult is around and it does not last. Normalization come about through â€Å"concentration† on a piece of work. When the child engages with the Montessori materials in total concentration for long periods of time, a transformation occurs. This transformation is  what Dr. Maria Montessori calls â€Å"normalization†. It is a process that occurs over a period of time, usually three or four years and it requires the child’s total engagement with the Montessori materials. The process of normalization is a journey. It begins when a child is introduced to activities like the practical life materials. The materials help the child to develop his motor skills , acquire a sense of order , and begin the process of extending their ability, and desire for concentrated work. For normalization to occur, child development must proceed from birth with the non-physical growth of the child’s mind , intellect, personality, temperament, spirit and soul. E.M Standing, author of Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work, lists these as the characteristics of â€Å"normalization†: love of order, love of work, spontaneous concentration, attachment to reality, love of silence and of working alone, sublimation of the possessive instinct, power to act from real choice, obedience, independence and initiative, spontaneous self-discipline, and joy. Montessori believed that these are truly â€Å"normal† characteristics of childhood, which emerge when children’s developmental needs are met. Maria Montessori observed that when children are allowed the freedom in an environment suited to their needs they blossom. She believes that if a child is placed in a carefully prepared environment, she would learn to live in harmony with her surroundings. It is up to the Montessori teacher to prepare that environment so that the child is free to develop her personality and her mind from the opportunities that are present to her in the prepared environment . The greatest sign of success for a teacher is to be able to say  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the children are working as if I do not exist† Maria Montessori. This according to Dr Maria Montessori is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the most important single result of our whole work† (The Absorbent mind, 1949). Discipline Montessori tells us comes spontaneously from freedom. When given the freedom to pursue his own interest, he develops deep concentration and self-discipline. Work that is driven from within and not urged upon him by teachers or parents becomes the child’s passion. Normalization begins when the children freely choose their work, concentrate, and are working blissfully on their own as members of a respectful, peaceful community As a Montessorian, you strive to provide an enriched, stimulating environment which fosters order, coordination, concentration, and independence – an environment within which the child is an active explorer and learner and can develop self-direction and a true love of learning. Your role is to nurture the growth of the child cognitively, socially, emotionally, and physically. The goal of any Montessori teacher should be to recognize each child’s nature and allow it to grow. As the child chooses his work and becomes absorbed in meaningful work, he soon begins working with continued concentration and  inner satisfaction. It will take time and much effort on the part of the Directress (teacher) to ensure a suitable environment is prepared for the children. It is only through the prepared environment that the children will flourish and the process of normalization will begin. To help children overcome the pre-normalized stage and help them along the line of normalization, Dr M. Montessori stated that first, the Montessori teacher must practice patience rather anger. An adult who is impatient or angry cannot build confidence or independence in a child. She recommended interrupting the misbehaviour because it is an obstacle to development and to offer interesting and purposeful activities to re-channel that energy in a productive way. A Montessori teacher should encourage normalization by taking care to prepare the environment to ensure it is neat, orderly, enriched and beautiful. She should be diligent with re directing those who are having difficult time remaining focussed. A good Montessori teacher should have an enriched practical life area. Children who are very young (three years old or just under 3) or who are new to the Montessori classroom are said to be in the first stage of normalization. So, too, are children who habitually disturb the work and concentration of others. These children are not ready for the freedom and responsibility granted to others in the Montessori classroom. They are given limited choices and may be kept near a Montessori teacher, or are invited to work in a specific area of the Montessori classroom with a teacher checking on them frequently throughout the day. Children in the first stage enjoy the practical life skills area of the Montessori classroom. Here, children practice developing motor skills while increasing their level of concentration. Practical life activities are structured so that children are able to see the results of their work quickly. They take pride in their accomplishments and enjoy working. Learning care of self and care of the environment, will assist the children as they venture to other parts of the classroom. Montessori practical life activities are the framework to a normalized environment. She should work hard to guide children towards purposeful activities that appeal their individual needs and interest. Learning to re direct behaviour takes time and practice; it does not happen overnight. Dr Maria Montessori observed that â€Å"The  teacher†¦has many difficult functions†¦She must  acquire a precise knowledge of the techniques†¦for   dealing with the child.†   (Discovery of the Child) There may be a period of trial and error as you practice different techniques for guiding appropriate behaviour. Remember, the children need emotional care as well as physical care. The teacher who is patient yet firm and slow to anger will inspire goodness and confidence in the children. â€Å"†¦defects in character, disappear of themselves†¦One does not need to threaten or cajole, but only to ‘normalizing the conditions’ under which the child lives.† (Maria Montessori, Discovery of the Child) The Montessori teacher should never shout, never lose her temper, never smack, shake or push a child or even speak crossly. She should be pleasant and polite, firm without anger and be able to deal with a misdemeanour with sympathy and assistance rather than with punishment. All children should be shown respect, never humiliated or laughed at, and their remarks should be listened to seriously and answered thoughtfully and courteously. She should set the tone by emphasizing grace and courtesy in the Montessori community, be patient and confident with the notion that her Montessori environment will one day be a peaceful community. A community where children love order, love work, have spontaneous concentration and attachment to reality. A community where children love silence and working alone, where children have power to act from real choice, obedience, independent and initiative with spontaneous self-discipline and joy. BIBLIOGRAPHY Montessori, M., The Absorbent Mind, wilder publication,2009. Montessori, M., The Absorbent Mind, Theosophical press, 1964. Standing , E.M., Maria Montessori, Her Life and work, Plume new, 1998.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 136

Assignment Example This was a leadership position that required that I put up my very best. As the leader, the output of the innovative strategy depended much on my personal characteristics, leadership skills, as well as the level of motivation I gave to the group. Knowing how importantly the manager took this workplace responsibility, I shivered when the role was first assigned to me. To overcome my fears, I decided to consult the best leadership books and leadership mentors I knew. In the course of doing this, I realized that I was becoming too many people at a time. Eventually, my natural self was getting lost and this made me more nervous than calming me down. As a result, I decided to look into my own self and also come up with something innovative that would rather be copied by others. Indeed, this approach worked like magic because through myself motivation, I was able to inspire my colleagues in a democratic leadership style the ensured that we came out with the best strategy for the department . The second scenario was quite similar to the first one but happened in a social context. A friend of mine approached me with a social problem that he wanted me to help him resolve. Immediately, I started looking for mentors around me, with whose life I could set a yardstick for the friend. This was not helping and so I decided to use myself. In the eventual while, I realized that this was a much perfect approach. Because I was therefore for the friend and not the models I tried to use. In fact, I took the problem of the friend to be a personal problem and ensured that I gave social advice that helped the friend to sharp his life for the better. As constantly as possible, I visited the friend to evaluate the progress he was making. Where he was facing challenges, I offered encouragement and support rather than scorning him. With time, the friend could overcome his social problem due to how committed I was towards helping him. The last episode came when I attempted to Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6 Assignment Example Hence it can be seen that country A has a comparative advantage over the production of toys. As for the pineapples, if country A produces 1 pineapple, its opportunity cost would be 0.5 toys and if country B produces 1 pineapple, its opportunity cost would be 0.3 toys. This clearly shows that country B has a comparative advantage over country A over the production of pineapples. Hence it can finally be said that country A should focus on pineapple production while country B should focus on the toys department. This way both the companies would excel at specialization and this would further lead them to gain long-term business advantage with such collaboration (Sloman, 2007). Works Cited Top of Form Sloman, John.  The Economic Environment of Business. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. Bottom of Form

The growing role of on-line learning courses Essay

The growing role of on-line learning courses - Essay Example They have immense potential of serving business & educational purposes whereby the primary use has been witnessed widely in training, education, knowledge management, research, design, conceptualization, and communication. In the modern business and educational world, multimedia is used in two forms - (1) Traditional multimedia systems - systems comprising of all multimedia components assembled together on a single computer deployed as standalone or accessible over high speed LAN systems which can then be presented using direct connectivity to presentation systems like LCD displays, projectors, high resolution monitors, etc.) (2) On-line multimedia systems - systems comprising of all multimedia components assembled together and deployed on multiple computers that are integrated through a presentation system which allows access to the multimedia content through Internet browser interfaces over Internet or Intranet. The traditional multimedia systems use files in their original format whereas the on-line multimedia systems use files in transformed f... (2) On-line multimedia systems - systems comprising of all multimedia components assembled together and deployed on multiple computers that are integrated through a presentation system which allows access to the multimedia content through Internet browser interfaces over Internet or Intranet. The traditional multimedia systems use files in their original format whereas the on-line multimedia systems use files in transformed form (includes format change, compression, size reduction, etc.) to make them suitable to be run through web enabled presentation technologies. Both multimedia systems offer interactive experience to users specifically in trainings and education programs with the help of the creativity of teachers presenting & controlling the content. However, on-line multimedia systems have exploded heavily on the Cyberspace thus significantly losing structure, knowledge connections, individualizations, human touch, learning effectiveness, etc. as compared to the traditional multimedia systems. This paper critically examines the weaknesses & limiting factors of on-line multimedia systems in education, training, learning, knowledge transfer, and presentation as compared with traditional multimedia systems. The next section presents literature review on multimedia syste ms that presents comparison between traditional & on-line multimedia systems, the subsequent section presents critical discussions & the final section presents conclusions on the subject. [Gibbs, Simon. 1995] Literature Review - On-Line Multi-Media Systems compared with Traditional Multi-Media Systems Multimedia comprises of object oriented software development forming a framework comprising of

The editorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The editorial - Essay Example According to Bay City News, the family has come up with a donation page in order for elicit funds for supporting Rath’s 3 months’ old daughter along with sustenance of the funeral expense. Prior to the tragedy, Officer Peter van Eckhardt stated that the California Highway Patrol officers had heard of a motorcycle speeding on the bridge, but responded at around 4:30 pm. Before long, van Eckhardt mentioned something about the officers receiving reports of a collision on the selfsame bridge. The loss aroused a search effort across different emergency arms of San Francisco. In a bid to rescue the body, the Rio Vista police, Oakley police, a CHP helicopter and the Contra Costa County Fire Protection District and Contra Costa County sheriff’s rescue boats all responded to the scene. Further, a Sig-alert was lifted at about 7:15 pm in response to the very scene. However, the emergency personnel halted the search after trying to pursue the body for up to 2 hours mainly because of the setting sun. At this point they had only come across some of Rath’s gears, though they could not figure out the way to associate the devices with Rath himself. According to Marshall , the crew was to resume the search on the next day. The move by the marine units from Solano, Contra and Sacramento counties to search for Rach’s body reveals how the units are committed to their committed to their patrolling routes. In taking such a step can to citizens serve as evidence that the state wants the very best for them. However, the state needs to adopt approaches that can allow the emergency personnel to be capable of engaging in the search processes even during night sessions. This comes in handy in case of collisions that occur around fast moving rivers. You never know, probably it is because of the directive to halt the search process after 2 hours that made Rath to be found

Ethical issues in Health Care Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical issues in Health Care Management - Essay Example One of the most baffling and difficult potential causes for ethical issues in the healthcare system is the doctor-patient relationship. Let’s take for example a fictitious healthcare center. In any case the issue of doctor-patient relationship can extend much more in reality and can indulge even the healthcare personnel – nurses, caregivers and medical assistants. We can discover multi-layer ethical issues arising on the grounds of giver-receiver relation. This relationship is radically distinctive in the sense that one has the advantage of possessing certain knowledge and the other is exposed, vulnerable and intimidated to trust. In order to prevent misuse of the giver (medical personnel and doctors) and imposing his dominance over the receiver (the patient) ethic codes and value must be solidly instilled. There are several causes for ethical issues in the doctor – patient model. The first cause is the information availability. We can look at two examples. On one hand due to the nature of the healthcare institution, the personnel is able to extract details from the patient which is any other situation would be considered invasive. Thus, the healthcare institution is obliged to keep high confidentiality to preserve the patients’ rights and privacy. On the other hand, possessing the knowledge allows doctors to withhold sensitive information in order to protect the patient. A fine line needs to be created and ethical codes in healthcare centers try to achieve the ethical violations. Klugman and Dalinis (2008) give a distinctive commentary on the healthcare issues and practices in the rural areas and how they differ from the urban settings. They comment that rural practitioners are physically placed in small, closed communities where socializing with their patients is necessary outside of the healthcare center. Residents in the rural areas have different

Heat and mass transfer calculation for carbon capture pilot plant Assignment

Heat and mass transfer calculation for carbon capture pilot plant - Assignment Example The calculations show that with increase in the flow rate of both streams the temperature drop of the hot stream increased steadily. On the other hand, the temperature rise of the cold stream decreased substantially. The clear jacket allowed the observation that the jacket was continuously full at all times and because neither stream had any color, it was not possible to notice whether the turbulence of the two streams changed at all. In future experiments it might be a good idea to introduce a small stream of dye into both streams to observe turbulence. However, this would lead to a change in the mass flow rate and more importantly in the specific heat capacity, which would have to be accounted for in subsequent calculations. Important findings of this experiment are that the thermal efficiency of the plate and frame heat exchanger is better than that of the concentric tube heat exchanger and secondly, with the increase in flow rate the efficiency improved only marginally. This is perhaps because with the multiple pass arrangement where the two streams changed direction frequently an element of turbulence was already present that did not change much with the change in flow rates. However, the observations taken are too few to arrive at this conclusion with confidence. Important findings of this experiment are that the thermal efficiency of the plate and frame heat exchanger is comparable to that of the concentric tube heat exchanger but lower than that of the plate and frame heat exchanger. Secondly, with the increase in flow rate of the cold stream the efficiency improved marginally. In this case again, the conclusion can be that the design allows for introducing greater turbulence in the shell-side stream through the baffles

Critical analysis of the associated persons provisions of Part III of Essay

Critical analysis of the associated persons provisions of Part III of the Family Law Act 1996 (in particular section s.62(3)) - Essay Example n is it extends the court’s power to grant non-molestation orders by including a wider group of persons capable of becoming respondents by the inclusion of the term ‘associated person.’ The list of persons caught by Section 62(3) is exhaustive and includes a former or current spouse, a cohabitant or former cohabitant, persons who have merely shared a common household (except by reason of employment benefits or duties, or by reason of a tenancy or some sort), a relation, a fiancà © or former fiancà ©, a person with whom the complainant has had common responsibility for any child or have had a child with or the complainant and the associated person ‘are parties to the same family proceedings (other than proceedings under this part)’.3 Prior to the enactment of the Family Law Act 1996, the definition of a respondent had been more narrowly defined. A claimant had to first discover against whom she could obtain a non-molestation order against and then decide under what statutory provision she could properly utilize for the necessary non-molestation order. Depending on whether the complainant was a cohabitant or spouse the victim of domestic violence could obtain injunctive relief by virtue of three statutory provisions. They were, the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976, the Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates Courts Act 1978 and the Matrimonial Homes Act 1983.4 The Family Law Act 1996 repeals and replaces those Acts and provides a cohesive remedy for protection against violence within the more liberal definition of the home. Craig Lind observes that the 1996 Act ‘for the first time provides a uniform code of domestic violence remedies available, in the main, in all courts with jurisdiction in family proceedings. It is much more victim and child-centred, concentrating on the harm being suffered within the household, and the remedies available to victims.’5 The 1996 Act followed recommendations made by the Law Commission that the

To be themselves Essay Example for Free

To be themselves Essay In society today, most people can be themselves. Most do not feel the need to hide who they truly are anymore while some still can only â€Å"half express [themselves]† because they are embarrassed of the â€Å"idea which each of [them] represents† (186). I feel as if there is still too little emphasis on self-reliance and individualism in America today, because some are still ashamed of themselves and rely on others too much. As the years pass, fewer people discriminate, but there are still many that still do, causing others to â€Å"half express [themselves]† (186). Gays and lesbians are afraid to come out of the closet because they were told that it wasn’t right to be anything but straight. Society made them feel ashamed of themselves. They might give off hints and their friends might be able to tell, but they would never actually come out. If individualism was stressed more, gays or lesbians would no longer need to hide who they truly are. Even worse, proposition 8 restricts the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples only. They would be accepted, but as of now, they are not because there is not enough emphasis on individualism. â€Å"No kernel of nourishing corn† will just appear out of thin air; only â€Å"through [their] toil bestowed† will something of that sort happen (185). People can’t expect to receive something when they didn’t work for it. For example, homeless people depend on other people’s sympathy and donations to survive. Rather than getting off their butts and finding a job, they sit around waiting for help to come to them. If self-reliance was strained some more, maybe we’d have less homeless people standing in corners begging for money in the world. They’d be out looking for jobs, but in the meantime, there are homeless shelters and soup kitchens to help them, until they can get back on their feet because there is not enough emphasis on self-reliance. If Emerson were still alive today, he would be disappointed, but he would feel as if he got most of his message through. Even though some are still a little uncomfortable with whom they are and too dependent on others, most people aren’t afraid to show off their individuality or depend on themselves. In society today, there is not enough emphasis on self-reliance and individualism because people still depend on others for help and are afraid to show their true colors. If life was based on Emerson’s ideas, the world would be full of hardworking citizens and discrimination would not exist.

Consent And Informed Consent Nursing Essay

Consent And Informed Consent Nursing Essay The Mosby pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Profession defines consent as, permission given by an individual acknowledged as legally competent. Informed consent is a requirement necessary prior to any invasive procedure to be performed. Simpson (2011) highlights consent is permission given by the client for a procedure to be implemented. While, Wilhite (2010) explains that informed consent is a process where clients are informed of the risk, benefits and alternative treatment empowering client to play a part to make informed and autonomous decisions proceed for the treatment. As demonstrated by Hall et al. (2012) informed consent encompasses and intersect three different concepts; ethical, legal and administrative factors. Ethically, it safeguards and supports the autonomous decisions made by the client. Hereby, Bosek and Savage (2007) and Rumbold (2002) cites Gillon (1986) defined autonomy as a major ethical principle based on respect for an individual who is capable to think and decide independently for informed choices. Legally, it acts as defence against assault or battery as also supported by Staunton Chiarella (2008). Lastly, administrative purpose ensures that ethical and legal aspects of informed consent are implemented and appropriately documented. In the writers opinion, most sourced definition and concepts are consistent and capture the overall essence of informed consent. However, the definition of informed consent from Mosby pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Profession lacks the knowledge of information giving and only pointed to invasive procedures. As much as possible, informed consent in nursing procedures should also be included. Consent differs from informed consent. Consent is the act of asking approval to proceed onto a procedure. Conversely, informed consent is a process in which all information relayed is understood by the receiver and decides independently. The act of securing an informed consent is to protect clients rights which resemble the ethical principle of autonomy and avoid any legal ramification to the nurse (Wilhite, 2010). As practicing nurses, we should act as advocates, and build rapport with our client to facilitate the process of obtaining informed consent; Tschudin (2002) affirms that it is also a caring act that involves connecting one another. The next few paragraphs, the professional, ethical and legal drivers will be identified and explained. Professional drivers for nurses are indicated in the professional code of ethics and conduct. It serves as platform for self-regulation, a professional responsibility to ensure that the right and quality duty of care is carried out (Bandman and Bandman, 1995). This corresponds with the ethical theory of Deontology, Thompson et al. (2006) refers Deontology as actions that is based on duties, principles and duties. His view is further reinforced by Bosek and Savage (2007), which emphasise that ones moral duties and responsibilities act is consistent with the right actions. In the Singapore Context, the Singapore Nursing Board (SNB) Code and Ethics and Professional Conduct (1999) value statement 2 states Nurses shall respect the clients right for self-determination and provide them with whatever information they require to make informed decisions concerning their own care. It accentuates ethical principle of upholding autonomy of the client when nurses are securing informed consent. Staunton Chiarella (2008) adds that when a client is asked to give consent to treatment, the nurse is compelled to provide sufficient information. In value statement 2.4, it says nurses should obtain consent for nursing intervention where necessary and collaborate with other members of the health care team to obtain consent for medical treatment. When client are incapable to make informed choices, consent should be sought from family members or significant others. The holistic process of securing an informed consent is encouraged and to be obtained from relatives if otherwise. However, McHale (2009) argues if an adult client ability to decide is deficit or without any represented decision maker; that is appointed by the court or client himself, treatment can proceed in the client best interest and minimise harm caused. This resembles the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) refer beneficence and non-maleficence as acting for the benefit of others following a moral duty and the act of not causing any form of harm. In the context of United Kingdom (UK), the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Standards of Conduct, Performance and ethics for nurses; Regulation in Practice (2012) declares the regulation of consent taking comprises various aspects of situations, issues and policies. Situational events such as emergencies, issues concern with refusal of consent by competent or incompetent client and minors under age of 16. Lastly, policies of the Mental Health Act, Mental Capacity Act (2005) are incorporated. It embodies the ideal guidelines and procedures of obtaining informed consent. The writer infers SNB say on informed consent taking as ambiguously written, In terms of the choice of words used such as whatever information and where necessary. The writer argues against that whatever information may be misleading on how adequate is whatever information to be disclosed and where necessary is to abide by the convenience of the nurse or clients rights. Conversely, the writer remarks that NMC consent taking procedures are specifically and descriptively written in every section on the regulation. It is used to assist healthcare professional when faced with any moral dilemma or uncertainty. Both professional code of ethics and conduct stresses on the ethical principle of safeguarding autonomy of the clients and protects the nurse against liability of torts. Legal drawbacks related to failure to obtain informed consent may be imposed to the healthcare professionals and face the following claims; battery and/or assault and false imprisonment (Staunton Chiarella, 2008). Fleming (1998) as cited by Aveyard (2002) defines battery and assault as deliberately touching, inducing harm, injury or offensive contact to a client without clients consent. False imprisonment is defined as individual is physically detained from leaving the place (Kelly, 2011). Following a given example, battery may be claimed towards Nurse Jane when she performed a sponge bath intentionally, when the competent conscious adult client who is on complete rest in bed order has refused it. Ethically, Nurse Jane has applied the principles of beneficence, that it is her client best interest that she feels clean fresh after sponge bathing. However, clients autonomy was tempered by not allowing her time to decide and Nurse Jane forced a treatment in contradiction of clients will. Thus, contributing to the liability for tort of battery. In this instance, Nurse Jane has also committed a Paternalistic act. Rumbold (2002) outlines Paternalism as the decisions and preferences of the client are ignored and clinicians act on behalf of the client. The autonomy and beneficent act may conflict and risk becoming a paternalistic act. To prevent paternalism, several writers, (Simpson 2011; Slowther 2007; Aveyard 2002) implies that healthcare professionals should respect clients autonomous rights when treatment is refused even so, if it leads to death. As a practicing nurse, Jane should adopt the caring act and gradually give details about the nature of the intentional procedure. Allowing the client time to decide and promote autonomy. The tort of false imprisonment can be liable to the nurse when a competent client is not committing harm to self or others is detained without his consent (Kelly, 2011). It is similar to a situation whereby a nurse falsely imprisons a competent adult client to the bed raising the side rails of the bed preventing him from getting off the bed without his consent. However, Staunton Chiarella (2008) debates in a contrasting situation whereby after approaches to decrease hostility and violent in an incompetent client failed, the use of restraints are allowed without his consent to protect him and others from potential injuries. The clients next of kin and physician in charge needs to be informed of the reason why he is being restraint at that point of time. It is essential that nurses documents the incident to prevent any liability for the tort of false imprisonment or battery. Moving on, the writer explains how informed consent is obtained and criteria for informed consent to be met via an illustrated example of Nurse Kelly, practising on the surgical floor and had been ordered to insert a urinary catheter for her competent adult client. The criteria(s) that should be met when obtaining consent are; client retains the mental capability to make legal decisions, information given by client is suitable and satisfactory. Lastly, client willingly consents without external pressures or coercion (Thompson et al. 2006). Insertion of urinary catheter is an invasive nursing procedure involving a piece of foreign body into the anatomy of the client. Before commencing on the procedure, Nurse Kelly should alley anxiety of the client by introducing herself; gradually explain the purpose, risk, benefits consequences for inserting the urinary catheter and any reasonable alternatives that is available (Wilhite, 2010). Allowing her some time to decide and make the informed choice. Hence, Nurse Kelly is promoting clients autonomy by allowing client to make optimum decision in the best interest of the client. Nevertheless, Nurse Kelly clients may choose to refuse treatment. Hall (1996) supports, nurses are offering the freedom to refuse when permitting client the autonomy for consent to treatment. This situation often causes great stress and dilemma to the nurse as she has the duty carry out the care to safeguard her client from harm and at the same time, to respect her clients autonomy and the right to refuse. To resolve this dilemma, Nurse Kelly may want to view the decision to refuse, from her clients perspective and the reason for refusal of treatment (Slowther, 2007). At this present times, Chavarriaga (2000) and Cole (2012) admit that the use of implied consent is commonly implemented within the nursing practice. Cole outlines Implied consent as the behaviour of the conscious client is consistent with the nursing procedure that is about to be implemented. It is recognised that the usual nursing procedure such as taking vital signs seen as non-invasive and quick procedure that would not cause any potential harm. However so, the practice of implied should be discourage as much as possible so as to protect patient autonomy and promote meaningful decisions and prevent potential battery can be imposed to the nurse for unrightfully touching. Obtaining informed consent for nursing procedures often seen as a rigid process (Aveyard, 2002). Therefore, as much as possible, it is a better practice in clinical area to practice obtaining informed consent prior to any nursing interventions to uphold the professional obligations as practicing nurses. In a true emergency situation it is an exception area whereby obtaining informed consent is withheld as supported by these writers (Simpson, 2011; Michael, 2002; Chavarriaga, 2000; Hall, 1996). In this exceptional case, consent taking is implied as the ethical principle of beneficence and non-maleficence is prioritised over clients autonomy. It is the Doctrine of necessity where immediate treatment is necessary to preserve the life and prevent harm to the client and it is assumed that client would consent if able to do so (Staunton Chiarella, 2008) In another situation, Michael (2002) insists that when client is scheduled for a surgical procedure that is being done by the physician. It is the responsibility of the physician to secure a written informed consent and not the nurse. As argued by Michael, nurses play a part as a witness and clients advocates during the process of informed consent taking with the physician. Beforehand, nurses could assess for outstanding impairments or limitations such as; language barrier or hearing impairments that would be a hindrance to clients understanding during the process of informed consent (Wilhite, 2010). These are initiatives taken by the nurse to assist and encourage clients autonomy. On balance, literatures referenced are in favour for nurses playing a major role in securing informed consent (Wilhite, 2010; Chavarriaga, 2000; Simpson, 2010; Aveyard, 2002; McHale, 2009; Michael, 2002 Hall et al., 2012). Legal nurses (Wilhite, 2010; Simpson, 2010 Michael, 2002) who authored the literatures emphasise and define on the major role of nurses securing informed consent, Philosopher (Aveyard, 2002 p.243) reaffirms that nurses are required to obtain informed consent prior to nursing care as she views that nurses should not be mechanistic but should be determined by the need of individual patients. Finally, this essay has explained the central importance of whether nurses should or should not play a key role in securing an informed consent. The writer for one believes that nurses should play a major role to secure informed consent for nursing procedures to a greater extend. We are compelled as it is stipulated and articulates in the SNB and NMC code of ethics and conduct. When informed consent is obtained, it acts as a safeguard against legality issues; battery and false imprisonment. However nurses may be faced with obstructions such as time constrains and may choose to obtain implied consent instead. Nurses may face with dilemma when client abuse the freedom of choice and refuse treatment. In spite of those constrictions, in reality, nurses are bounded by guidelines to follow. Thus, nurses have to try their best to accomplish it.

The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unite traditional Celtic mythology with Christian orthodoxy to produce a distinctly :: Essays Papers

The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unite traditional Celtic mythology with Christian orthodoxy to produce a distinctly British Christianity The Catholic church in fourteenth century England was undergoing a convulsion. The church was unable to explain why God inflicted the Black Plague on the citizenry, or to conjure up his mercy and end the suffering and death. The Babylonian Captivity saw the papacy in Avignon, under the influence if not the direct control of the hated French. Even when Rome once again became the seat of the Holy See, the Great Western Schism divided the loyalties of Christians between the two rival popes -- who excommunicated each other and all the other's followers. Corruption among the hierarchy of priests and bishops seemed epidemic. As ever, "The obvious alternative, for anyone wishing to withdraw from the ideological and bureaucratic complexities of the Christian empire, was to return to the simplicity of the Church's founder," (Saul 544). We still see this today, in evangelical and fundamentalist Christian sects. Lollardy was one reaction to the church's apparent loss of direction. John Wyclif and his followers disavowed the authority of the papacy, the truth of the sacraments, and the dogma and doctrines of the Catholics church. The alliterative poems Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight also turn away from the orthodoxy of the Catholic church. By the subtle yet simple technique of excluding Catholic doctrines, and by adapting the mythical British past into the Christian present, these poems illustrate the development of a specifically British Christianity. While the poems may seem to approve of Lollardy, we would be in error in believing that. Rather, these heretical views all flow from a common wellspring in the English character that would later lead to Protestantism and the establishment of the Church of England. Veneration of the Virgin Mary was to be scornfully dubbed "Mariolotry" by Protestants, but was at the time (and remains) a central doctrine of Catholicism. Teachings of the church "formed so vital a part of literary backgrounds" (Ackerman 81) that someone unfamiliar with Catholicism would fail to understand the literature of the period. Both Pearl and Gawain treat as normal veneration of the Virgin Mary. This is, however, the only piece of Catholic orthodoxy these poems contain; all the other Christian symbols and allusions are taken directly from the Bible, not the church. Gawain does mention in passing St. Julian (774) and St.

2001 A Space Odyssey Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

2001: A Space Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following paper will analyze the movie, â€Å"2001: A Space Odyssey† by Stanley Kubrick† and â€Å"The Centinel† by Arthur C. Clarke. Although there are many themes present between the story and the film, the following are the most dominant. I will be discussing Scientific themes, Religious and Moral Themes, and Clarke’s development of the short story into a full-length film.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first issue, I will be discussing the scientific themes of the movie. The movie, â€Å"2001: A Space Odyssey,† has a one of a kind vision of science and technology. The movie â€Å"2001† brings a great new style of reality and realism to space technology and travel. Since there was no great technology in 1968 and space travel was not as well defined as today, Kubrick stayed away from fantasy and focused more on reality of space travel, a scientific theme throughout the movie. â€Å"2001† definitely shows the viewer the outer space in a very effective way. The outer space is large and empty, which Kubrick displays very well. His computer, HAL 9000, is one of the most popular computers in my opinion. HAL 9000 is a big machine, and speaks like we expect machines to speak, and is apparently designed to have some emotion. HAL 9000 was built to be invincible with very little flaws and that characteristic is typical to be put in movies, illustrat ing the point that often movies have too much faith and trust in machines. HAL 9000 was designed to f...

Themewriters Anonymous :: Creative Writing Essays

Themewriters Anonymous Hi. My name is Ben and I am a themewriter. I should have a Ph.D. in "Black Rot" There I said it. Is there some clinic for themewriters where I can check myself in. The first step is admitting that you have a problem. Judging from some of the discussion that has gone on, I feel good because I realize that I am not alone. I think we have to realize that we are all themewriters to a certain extent. Once we realize this, we can try to move beyond that theme. I am trying to move beyond the theme one step at a time. Was I doing it again? Sorry, it's a difficult habit to break. What does it mean to move beyond the theme? I don't know. That is why I have come here tonight. When we first started talking about themewriting I looked at themewriters with disdain. There is no way that I could be one of those robots. I didn't want to accept the fact that I was a themewriter because I had always been successful in classes. I was super at sitting down the night before a paper was due, whipping out a theme and receiving an "A" on a "well-organized, coherent paper." I would give myself a pat on the back, get drunk and celebrate my genius. Looking back, I am not completely devastated to find out that I'm a themewriter. After all, that was the only way I knew how to write. Themes don\'92t contribute to the understanding of the reader. They only communicate on the surface. You can get your one main point across and beat it to death in the five paragraph format. For a longer paper, just add paragraphs to the body. My question is, once we get beyond the theme where do we go? I have used the theme as a crutch- an excuse not to do any real thinking or contemplation on a subject. I just puke back what the instructor has already told me in an attractive, organized manner. This method is easier for a teacher to grade but I don't think it contributes to the understanding of everyone involved. By communicating in themes, we learn facts- not understanding or deeper meaning. In the handout written by Laib, we can see that organization is one of the keys to enhancing the understanding of both the reader and the writer.

Filipinos Before the Spanish Era

Long before the Spaniards came, the Philippines was already inhabited by natives. And among the natives of the Island were the Negritos. Characteristically, the Negritoes were short and dark skinned people. They had curly hair, small nose and were thick-lipped. These natives were barely clothed as clothing for them consists of the bahag and a jacket-like upper for men. They wore neither shoes nor slippers but go about barefooted. Their women adorn themselves with ornaments while their men usually tattoo themselves.The natives of the Island lived in small huts more popularly known as bahay kubo. These small huts were usually made of bamboo and the roofs made of nipa, resources that are readily available and abundant in the Philippines. For their livelihood, the natives depended on fishing since the Philippines is mostly coastal. However, the natives also went hunting for food. This is because the Philippines is known for being rich in natural resources. Thus, food was never a problem for the natives as the island is abundantly endowed.Like any tribe or group of people, the natives were very communal and thus lived in small communities known as the balangay. Each balangay was headed by a leader called the datu or raj. The Datu or the Raj was usually a brave and respected leader who is expected to protect his community from outside attack. It is also the leader’s responsibility to maintain peace and order within the community. Thus, the Datu or the Raj resolves whenever conflicts arise between and among his constituents.This system is the earliest known form of government which has now been carried over to the present day Barangays. Even before the Spaniards came and who claimed to have civilized the inhabitants of the island, the natives were already literate and civilized people. Manifestations of their civilization and literacy can be seen from the rules that govern the balangay. And there have been many other indications especially in their communities that these natives were literate people.

Psle

Should PSLE be scrapped off? What is PSLE? The Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) is basically an examination taken by Primary 6 students before they go onto their Secondary School education. As different Secondary Schools have different cut-off points based on the previous intake, schools with higher cut-off points are usually regarded as the better ones. Naturally, parents would prefer their child to get into a better school, as they believe that these schools will offer their children a better education.Other than PSLE, there is also other ways a student can get into their desired Secondary School such as the Direct School Admission (DSA). Students who are able to choose the DSA approach are usually more sports or art inclined. The Ongoing Debate Recently, many Singaporeans have considered PSLE as the ‘do or die’ examination. The reason is because parents are feeling too much pressure on account of the PSLE. Many parents want their children to get into brand na me schools, causing them to feel stressed and worried. â€Å"People take secondary school admission so very seriously. If I don't get into that school, then my kid has no chance in life',† said Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong. Mr Lee also mentioned that ‘every school is a good school’ so that they can get the pressure off the parents. However, not every parent in Singapore is pressurized by the fact that his or her children may not be able to get into a good Secondary School. Housewife Sandy Lee, 40, said she enrolled her son Zong Wei in Townsville Primary as she felt that the principal and teachers cared for the pupils. She is also not too worried about her son's PSLE results.She said: â€Å"I don't want to pressure him too much, as long as he can get into a secondary school. † And with this in mind, there is an ongoing debate on whether the PSLE should be abolished as it is causing too much stress on Singaporean students and parents as well. One of the The Straits Times' current affairs website readers asked if Singapore could reduce the reliance on exams, and even do away with the PSLE. This emerged among the top 10 most pressing questions that people wanted the Prime Minister to answer, according to a week-long poll on the website that drew over 21,000 votes.The stress that comes with PSLE is something that needs to be looked at, but scrapping the exam or tweaking the assessment criteria may not be the solution, said Senior Minister of State Lawrence Wong. My Personal Experience I’ve taken PSLE in the year 2007 and I have to admit that PSLE was pretty stressful for me. Every day after school, I had to go for supplementary lessons conducted by teachers till 5 to 6pm every day and then head home for dinner before revising again. During the weekends, I had to attend tuition and there was no playtime for me.I did that continuously for 4 to 5 months before PSLE. My parents have always supported me throughout that period of ti me and were always cheering me on. They have never given me any stress. Instead, they asked me to set a goal for myself and to ask myself, â€Å"What do I want in life? † After knowing what I want in life, everything felt like it was worth it and after PSLE ended I had 2 months of holiday just purely relaxing and enjoying myself as I felt like I gave my best and had no regrets.So, should PSLE be scrapped off? My personal opinion In my opinion, I think that PSLE is a very good way of gauging a student’s learning pace. A school with a lower cut-off point doesn’t mean that it is a bad school; it’s just a school for students with a slower learning pace. The main problem with PSLE is the stress that it's causing for students and I believe that it is because many students are just like the me I was back then, learning what it feels like to be stressed for the first time.In life, everything has its first time and if a student is not able to deal with the stress from PSLE, he or she will never be able to deal with the stress in Secondary School. Hence, I strongly believe that PSLE should not be scrapped off. Conclusion Let the students taking PSLE work towards a goal set by themselves and not their parents. This way, students will drive themselves towards it. And after all of it, it’ll be worthwhile. Reference: Chia, S & Toh, K. (2012, September 22).Scrapping PSLE Not The Solution: Lawrence Wong. Ministry of Education, Singapore: Education in the News. Retrieved on November 18, 2012 from http://www. moe. gov. sg/media/news/2012/09/scrapping-psle-not-the-solutio. php Au Yong, J. (2012, 27 September). PSLE stays but needs relook: PM. The Straits Times. Retrieved November 18, 2012 from Factiva Database. Goh, C. L. (2012, 17 November). PSLE not the be-all and end-all: PM. The Straits Times. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from Factiva Database.

The Definition of a Princess

Every little girl has once wished (upon a star) to one day be a princess in a fairy tale. However, do they truly understand what the definition of a fairy tale princess is? Fairy tales have created a definition and a set of requirements of a true princess, a definition and a set of requirements that could easily be applied to a pretty teacup or any other inanimate object. These fairy tales have defined a princess as someone who is unrealistically beautiful, passive, with no voice, and helpless and dependent. Beauty is one of the key requirements to be a princess. Every woman in a fairy tale is either a beautiful princess or an ugly witch or stepmother. There are no average looking women to be found in these tales. Since physical qualities are often an allegory to the goodness or evil of a character, beauty has been a requirement for a princess. In the picture books and movies of these fairy tales, audiences will see tall skinny girls whose waists are almost the size of their necks with eyes that are abnormally large. Though unrealistic, this appearance has been made necessary in these tales. Would Cinderella be let in to the ball or ever have a dance with a prince if she were ugly? Would Prince Charming even consider kissing â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† if she were â€Å"Sleeping Ugly†? Beauty is such an important part of a princess but how does it affect those young girls who wish to be like them? These fairy tales give the message that the only way to find love or Mr. Perfect is to be beautiful. Young girls watch and read storybooks and movies that have princesses with body types that are considered anorexic. This image will sink in to their minds subconsciously and affect them for the rest of their lives, since most children will never be able to reach the standard of beauty required to be a princess. Along with beauty, a princess has been defined to have no voice or say. In almost every fairy tale a princess never gets to express her opinion or personality. The ultimate example of this is in the Little Mermaid (Disney Version) when Ariel trades her voice so she can alter her appearance. She is told that she won’t need a voice to get the prince and all she needs to do is look pretty. This leads young girls to think their voice and opinion don’t matter and to have their â€Å"happily ever after,† all they have to do is stay quiet passive and be visually attractive. Lastly a princess is defined as someone who is helpless and dependent. Almost every single fairy tale has a damsel in distress waiting for the prince to save them. Sleeping Beauty has to wait for Prince Charming, Rapunzel has to wait in her tower, and Prince Eric saves Ariel. In all fairy tales this is a common factor; the princess is always helpless and needs saving. Never in a traditional fairy tale does a princess save the prince. In addition to the sexism in these tales, they present and promote a negative message for girls. It communicates to girls that if something bad is happening or if there is a problem, wait for a male to come and solve the situation. Putting these ideas in little girls’ heads at such an early age will discourage them from to ever becoming strong and confident women. Understanding the true definition of a fairy tale princess is, princesses should not be role models for so many girls. However so many little girls still want to be princesses, even if they are defined to be unrealistically beautiful, passive, voiceless, and helplessly dependent on others. This needs to change in order to have more confident and smart women. Society should think about these fairy tales and really consider if the princess in the tale is someone young girls should have as their role models.

City environment by non-visual senses

Introduction:It is known to all, the ocular feeling of metropolis environment is intuitively the most direct and powerful centripetal experience for citizens with good sight. It is beyond uncertainties that visual sense plays a dominant function among all the senses. Ocular sense provides more information for people when they situate in a new topographic point, particularly the orientation in infinite. Porteous ( 1996, p. 3 ) one time mentioned, vision is active and intensive: ‘we expression ; odors and sounds come to us. ‘ The prejudice of ocular sense can besides be easy found in the most of the building procedure – Architects nowadays focus more on ocular environment. Although vision is the really of import sense, the urban environment is non merely perceived by eyes. The changing of the information we receive from eyes is merely the really initial measure of the centripetal experience. The developing and underexploited non-visual senses besides contribute vastl y to the profusion of the perceptual experience and knowledge. In this research, the research worker will analyze what roles do non-visual senses play in urban infinites and how/what will people comprehend a topographic point without sight. In peculiar, the research will concentrate on the different maps of each sense and how to the usage them ( e.g. sound, touch, odor, gustatory sensation ) to do a public infinite work successfully and alone. The end of this survey is to polish our current apprehension of feeling a topographic point and to supply an intensive reading of non-visual senses which has been ignored by most of interior decorators and users. From a long-run position, the consequences of this research can besides cast some new visible radiation in making a public infinite which is combined both the ocular and non-visual senses and offers more centripetal experiences to people.Background.Constricted, we understand and interpret the metropolis through the proficient instead than the sensory, yet it is the sensory from which we build experiencing and emotion and through which our personal psychological landscapes are built. These in bend determine how good or severely a topographic point works – even economically, allow entirely socially or culturally – and how it feels to its dwellers and visitants. ( Landry 2006 p40 ) If our apprehension is limited to a ocular apprehension, we merely concentrate on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond visual aspects, we start a spacial apprehension, a three dimensional experience. We can come in this infinite, instead than merely see it. The same applies to the design of infinites. We do non make mere visual aspects but infinites that we can utilize for different intents. ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) As the citations at the beginning of this chapter high spot, citizens are affected intensively by the infinites and topographic points – non merely the organic structure, but besides the heads and senses every bit good. Since the early 1960s, the knowledge of environmental perceptual experience has developed. Along with the increasing surveies being conducted, there now generates a critical organic structure on people ‘s perceptual experience of their urban milieus. The construct of mental ‘maps ‘ and images of metropoliss are the nucleus surveies for sense of topographic point in the field. More significantly, the publication of Kevin Lynch ‘s The Image of the City ( 1960 ) is the important work in the field of urban imagination. Furthermore, harmonizing to the reactions of human sensory system, the four most valuable senses in feeling the environment are vision, hearing, touch and odor. The research and articles around the subject ‘sense of topo graphic point ‘ were so flourished. It is widely considered that most public infinites is a ocular 1, as Fran & A ; ccedil ; ois Molnar ( 1997 ) points out, ‘visual system is sensitive to spacial frequences, of which some seem privileged. ‘ and ‘responds straight to each of a figure of different spacial frequences ‘ ( p.227 ) However, it has been argued that the experience of public infinites besides affect the senses in other ways. In the foreword of the October 1991 issue of The Architectural Review, the editor provinces: ‘we appreciate a topographic point non merely by its impact on our ocular cerebral mantle but by the manner in which it sounds, it feels and odors. ‘ ( p.5 ) The geographic expeditions of the relationship between each different sense and how they relate with infinite are besides good developed. For case, Lang ( 1994 ) points out that an environment ‘s ‘soundscape ‘ ‘can be orchestrated in much the same manner as its ocular qualities by the pick of stuffs used for the surfaces of the environment and the nature of objects within it. ‘ ( p.33 ) Furthermore, another designer, Juhani Pallasmaa examined the representation of touch in his book The Eyes of the Skin ( 2005 ) ; he claimed that ‘Vision reveals what touch already knows. We could beli eve of the sense of touch as the unconscious of vision. ‘ It is true that designers and research workers have already noticed the importance portion that both the ocular and non-visual senses play in urban infinite. Therefore, based on the old surveies and statements, this research will turn out the maps of non-visual senses harmonizing to a series of methods and the consequences of the research will be utile in later relevant design undertaking.Theoretical model.Although some recent surveies enriched the literature of centripetal design, there is still however an ignorance of non-visual senses for bulk of people. Furthermore, it is common to detect that non-visual senses are underplayed and developing in pattern. Although non-visual senses contribute to a profusion of comprehending a topographic point, it seems that the cardinal maps of non-visual senses are wholly forgotten by most of interior decorators. For this ground, the creative activity of some public infinites presen ts is deficiency of assorted or exciting experience for users. To turn to this ignorance in planing, this research is conducted to specifically research what roles do non-visual senses play in urban infinites and how people perceive a topographic point without sight. These are two core research inquiries of this proposed research, the research is conducted through two stairss – the observations and interviews of blind people and blindfolded experiments in sighted people. Sing the inquiry which mentioned at the beginning of the proposal that why non-visual senses are easy ignored by most of people? Although the experience of a infinite is composed of the information from every sense, as Landry ( 2006 ) mentioned ‘sight are better articulated, because in general we have a rich vocabulary about physical visual aspect ‘ ( p50 ) and most of users, include interior decorators for public infinite are the people with good eye-sight. Therefore, in order to reply the inquiries of what sort of information of the milieus will users receive via non-visual senses and what will the infinite nowadays without the sense of sight, unsighted people is chosen as the sample to analyze, as they correspond with the research conditions – they can merely read the milieus by sound, touch, odor and even gustatory sensation. The 2nd portion of the research is to blindfold sighted individuals and inquire them to walk through the metropolis. During this procedure, they simulate the behavior of blind participants and perceive the milieus from the unsighted people ‘s position. Catherine Thinus-blanc & A ; Florence Gannet ( 1997 ) claims in their research paper Representations of Space in Blind Persons, the grounds that other centripetal modes besides contribute to spacial experience is ‘when sighted participants are blindfolded and asked to execute spacial undertaking with non-visual-relevant information, which they accomplish without trouble ‘ this is why the research worker choose this attack to make the experiment. It will non merely re-prove the consequences from first measure that how other senses conveying the characteristic of metropolis environment, but besides give a direct and strong comparing between ocular and non-visual senses to the sighted participants. And the comparing betw een these two sorts of sense will be clearly suggested once the information was collected.Methodology.The research adopts a qualitative methodological analysis in order to lend the profusion of the literature of the field. It is really of import to indicate out that any specific method or technique is selected after serious consideration on what is theoretically desirable and what is practically and ethically possible. Finally the research selected observation and qualitative semi-structured interviews which are identified as the most suited techniques for the research harmonizing to the specific research aims and context to research the map and position of each non-visual sense, like sound, touch, odor and gustatory sensation. The remainder of this subdivision describes the inside informations of the conductivity of this research.Individual observation and interviewsAs mentioned above, the first portion of the research is to detect blind people ‘s behavior. The sample is cons isted of 10 single participants. Sing the ethical issues, all the participants will be informed before observation and interview conductivity that the information obtained in the research would maintain confidentially. Those participants will be observed two hours per twenty-four hours for their behavior in the day-to-day life and the observation of the spacial public presentations of blind people will be undertaken in topographic points where participants carry out their day-to-day activities, like eating houses, street, or cafe store. In order to research in deepness, some of participants ( about non more than five ) are chosen as the sources to carry on the interview. Semi-structured interview technique was besides employed with the consideration of the aim of the research, which is conducted in random clip after observation finished and arranged between 30 proceedingss to one hr long. The chief purpose of the interview is to complement the losing portion of observation and to re -prove the statements from the relevant paperss and surveies. Therefore, it will get down with wide inquiries and follow up harmonizing to participant ‘s replies. Participants are encouraged to speak freely during the whole procedure. The qualitative semi-structured interview inquiries are listed below:When you walking through the public infinite, which portion will you notice at the beginning? Which sense ( touch, sound, odor, and gustatory sensation ) will assist you to comprehend it?Is there an imagination map in your head when you walking through the metropolis?( If yes, inquire the participant to depict by and large how it forms )Which sense offers more information and aid you more to comprehend metropolis environment when you walking through the metropolis?Have you got the knowledge of colorss?( If yes, inquire the participant to ( a ) stipulate what colors are, ( B ) describe what the color expression like in his head, and ( degree Celsius ) how this knowledge signifier s by non-visual senses. )Which sense will assist you to find the waies and how can you find it?Have you got an apprehension of different distance? How can you understand it?Are there any attacks for you to state the differences from different sorts of infinite?Have you of all time traveled to another metropolis?( If yes, inquire the participant to depict the metropolis feeling in his head and stipulate how he feels that by non-visual senses. ) Due to the length of interviews, each interview was recorded to enable subsequent analysis of informations and word for word citations and permit the research worker to to the full concentrate on the conversation and non distracted by efforts to take notes. The common points of each participant should be summed up after analyzing. The research worker will compare the consequences with the statement from old surveies and polish how non-visual senses contribute when comprehending a public infinite.Blindfolded experimentsThe sum of the participants is around 20 or more sighted people. Experiments will take topographic point in the metropolis Centre of Nottingham. Participants will divided into little groups with maximal three people, a blindfolded one, a usher and a recording equipment, for the intent of convenience and effectual. A path map will besides be determined before get downing – from Old Market Square to Victoria Centre. The experiment starts in forepart of the City Cou ncil. The participant will walk across the cardinal of Old Market Square in darkness merely by following the voice instructions from the usher. When arrives the H2O pool located in the West of the square, the participant demand turn right and walk along the south side of the square. Then, after walking through the busy paving and traversing the traffic route, they will get at Victoria Centre. The concluding measure is to walk into the edifice and see the inside of it from non-visual facets. As is can be seen from the descriptions, the path of the experiment includes assorted alterations of the milieus – from level land to inclined surface, from exterior to interior and from the unfastened infinite to linear infinite as good. Therefore, every bantam alteration that represent on the participant should be recorded carefully. More significantly, after the blind journey, the blindfolded 1s will be asked to retrace the path with sight and the retraced path will besides be drawn dow n in order to contrast to the former 1. Furthermore, they will besides be required to show their perceptual experiences of milieus by drawings – abstract drawings about spacial feelings when they are unsighted. Each member in the group will make the experiment in bend. More participants can be chosen indiscriminately from the Old Market Square. The intent of the experiment is to hold a comparing between ocular and non-visual senses and happen out the chief characters of non-visual senses when vision is non the dominant 1. Interview them after or during the experiment about their feelings. Similar with the old one, it will get down with wide inquiries and follow up harmonizing to participant ‘s replies. The list of inquiry for interviews is stated as followers.Is the infinite represents every bit same as before when you blindfolded? Can you stipulate the differences?Can you depict your feelings now? Are at that place any alterations in the encircled infinite?( Ask these inquiries when participant is closer to the H2O pool which is located in the West of Old Market Square. )Can you detect the alteration of the ground/change of the air current way?How does the infinite represent now? Which sense aid you feel like that?( Ask these inquiries on the manner to Victoria Centre. e.g. walking through the pavement/crossroad. )Ma ke the spacial feelings alteration when you enter the Victoria Centre?( Ask this inquiry when come ining the Victoria Centre and if yes, inquire the participant to stipulate the differences. )What is the difference between exterior and interior infinite?When experiments have been done, the characters of non-visual senses will be summed up harmonizing to the experiment and interview records. The research worker will research the functions that non-visual senses play in showing the metropolis environment and set about a situational analysis on the abstract drawings and compare the retrace path with the old one.Experiment illustration.The followers is the record of a blindfolded experiment conducted by the research worker and her group members. It follows the stairss that described antecedently in the proposal. The experiment lasted about one and half hr and took topographic point in metropolis Centre of Nottingham on 19th October 2009. The followers are some infusions of the reply to the interviews: â€Å" †¦ After my eyes covered by my scarf, I can non see anything in forepart of me. Everything seems to be unknown and unsafe. The old familiar environing now turns into a universe which is like a cryptic black hole†¦ â€Å" â€Å" †¦ at the clip I lost my sight, the non-visual senses become stronger and more sensitive than usual, particularly hearing and touch†¦ I received bantam alterations from environing more easy and rapidly. Furthermore, I found that I can comprehend the environment in determining the infinite by voices around me†¦ † â€Å" †¦ while I was walking through the street, the next infinite seems to be composed of legion faces and lines. I have to state this is the really interesting and originative portion of the experiment†¦ â€Å" â€Å" †¦ interestingly, at the clip I entered the Victoria Centre, the character of the voice changed evidently. This helps me to cognize that I have already entered the inside of the edifice†¦ it seems like we are now in a immense glass box. Voice no longer stand for on planes, but comes from every way in three dimensions†¦ † These are some abstract drawings that drawn by the participants after the experiment. The participant is required to utilize simple phrases or sentences to explicate the abstract drawings.Mentions:Malnar, J.M. ; Vodvarka, F. ( 2004 ) . Centripetal Design, University of Minnesota Press.Henry, S. ( 2008 ) . Convivial Urban Spaces: Making Effective Public Places, Earthscan Publications Ltd. Press.Pallasmaa, J. ( 2005 ) . The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses, Academy Press.Carmona, M. ; Heath, T. ; Oc, T. ; Tiesdell S. ( 2003 ) . Public Places-Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design, Oxford: Architectural Press.Kevin, L. ( 1960 ) . The Image of the City, The MIT Press.Catherine, T. B. ; Florence, G. ( 1997 ) . Representation of Space in Blind Persons: Vision as a Spatial Sense ; Psychological Bulletin, ( 1997 ) . Vol. 121, No. 1 20-42, American Psychological Association Press.

How you have applied your prior learning at HND Business studies level Essay

How you have applied your prior learning at HND Business studies level in your work - Essay Example from society or behaviour or family. I have achieved Higher National Diploma in 1984 as the result of my study during the span of 1982-84 from Thames Valley University, which is presumed to be the number 1 modern university of London (Thames Valley University, n.d.). The study of HND has been of great help me in the long career of mine. The modules that I studied in the course, way back in 1982 to 1984 always had its real life applications. The modules that were part of the course included economic geography, organisation and human relations, accounting and information systems, international business environment and business and society. Also, the Higher National Diploma had the subjects like buyer behaviour, marketing and the market research, travel and tourism and personnel management. The knowledge that I received in the yearly days of my career helped me lot to shape the future course of action. At the very outset of my career, I had the opportunity to work with the famous ice cream brand, Walls. Though, the job that I was engaged with was really not that significant for such a brand of repute, yet my knowledge and application of Higher National Diploma helped me to soon get promoted. I joined the ice-cream house as the phone sales person. But soon with my flair for the job along with my knowledge in buyer behaviour and aspects of marketing, I over achieved the target and got promoted to the office administration. In the administration of Walls, which is now a subsidiary of the Unilever, I continued for couple of years (Unilever, n.d.). In the mean time, I had an offer from a pub for the post of assistant manager. I presumed the offer to be better than the job that I was into both in terms of monetary benefits and as well as authorities and responsibilities. So, I went for the job of the assistant manager at the pub. Being Assistant Manager at the pub, I could experience wide range of activities. It also helped at developing the managerial skills

Autism & Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Autism & Computing - Research Paper Example from high functioning individuals to those with severe communication disabilities. The patients of Autism have various developmental issues which are listed and discussed below (Eisenberg & Kanner, 1956): Excessive impassiveness with regard to human relationships Inability to successfully use ‘language’ as a mode of communication Restless and compulsive craving for upholding similarity / likeness leading to a striking drawback in the diversity of impulsive actions Over and above the issues listed above, people with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) are known to have a heightened sensitivity towards sound, smell, taste, touch as well as visual motivation; restricted imagination; abnormal physical movements; and problems related to attention and motivation. However, these problems are known to undergo changes over time. Problems related to Social development: The social development of patients with ASD is starkly different, deferred, and / or uncharacteristic than the others. Such difficulties can be observed / highlighted during the communication with their peers. On account of such issues, individuals with ASD often find it difficult to establish, develop or maintain friendships / social relationships. ... them on a day to day basis, with regard to common and practical aspects of communication such as use of eye contact; facial expressions / gestures etc., during everyday communication. Difficulties in communication also includes efficient application of language skills such as in case of turn taking in a verbal communication; or initiating a conversation; debating on shared topics; maintaining consistency related to the subject of discussion; and ascertaining the knowledge of the listeners regarding the topic of discussion. They also face severe difficulties in understanding idioms, phrases or sarcasm. Poorly developed imaginative skills Individuals diagnosed with ASD display poor imagination skills which lead to a constrained monotonous and stereotyped behaviour. Poor / underdeveloped imaginative skills include a total lack of practical or representational play to problems in using imagination in everyday social lives. Their interests are often limited and against the common / accept able cultural norms. They have a strong obsession over scheduled tasks as well as their composition / sequence (Gilberg, 2001). Individuals diagnosed with ASD suffer with various kinds of difficulties which tend to impair their quality of life and hence need special efforts taken to elevate their quality of living. They often undergo great difficulties in establishing social relationships and as a result become victims of loneliness, further culminating into frustration and social awkwardness (Bauminger, 2003). They often err in judging common social situations such as – failing to identify and differentiate between genuine compliments and sarcasm; friendly banter and bullying etc., and hence fail to safeguard or defend themselves in public. Furthermore they do not share the same common

Budgetary Control in the Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Budgetary Control in the Organization - Essay Example In the current world, organizations use budgets as a tool for to determine and measure their goals and objectives (Gervais, Heaton & Terrance 2011). In addition, it is used as a tool to measure capacity and abilities of management who set targets for the organization. The budget allows executives of the organization to set quantitative objectives and provides financial interpretation to these objectives (Bennouna, Geoffrey & Marchant 2010). Therefore, organizations use budgetary control techniques to plan, monitor, and coordinate the distribution of value money to the respective departments within their structure (Kaplan & Norton 2006). This is one of the major reasons that the budgetary control is one of the significant elements in performance management as the budgetary control allows an organization to determine its performance in the sustaining market (Bennouna, Geoffrey & Marchant 2010). In addition, it allows management to evaluate the relationship between corporations and capi tal markets (Bennouna, Geoffrey & Marchant 2010). This document highlights the significance of budgetary control techniques; it further analyzes budgetary control and its limitation in the capital market. Â  The organization operates in various segments, classified on the basis of its functions and programs (Bennouna, Geoffrey & Marchant 2010). These segments have unique and distinct objectives according to their performance and tasks (Bhimani & Bromwic 2009). Organizations make use of Budget techniques to strategically plan their actions to structure the organization and to sustain motivation of their employees to attain objectives of the business (Stedry 2011). Performance management is related to the activities undertaken by management to ensure that goals of the organization are effectively and efficiently met (Gervais, Heaton & Terrance 2011).